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Refractory metals
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==Definition== Most definitions of the term "refractory metals" list an extraordinarily high melting point as a key requirement for inclusion. By one definition, a melting point above {{convert|4000|Β°F|Β°C}} is necessary to qualify, which includes [[iridium]], [[osmium]], [[niobium]], [[molybdenum]], [[tantalum]], [[tungsten]], [[rhenium]], [[rhodium]], [[ruthenium]] and [[hafnium]].<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9ohkDUryVZ0C&pg=PA120 | first = Michael | last = Bauccio |author2=((American Society for Metals)) | publisher = ASM International| isbn = 978-0-87170-478-8 | pages =120β2 | chapter = Refractory metals | title = ASM metals reference book | year = 1993 }}</ref> The five elements [[niobium]], [[molybdenum]], [[tantalum]], [[tungsten]] and [[rhenium]] are included in all definitions,<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IzqsAAAAIAAJ | pages = 1β28| isbn = 978-0-8047-0162-4 | chapter = General Behaviour of Refractory Metals |title =Behavior and Properties of Refractory Metals| author1 = Metals, Behavior Of | author2 = Wilson, J. W | date = 1965-06-01 | publisher = Stanford University Press}}</ref> while the widest definition includes all elements with a melting point above {{convert|2123|K|Β°C}}, such as [[titanium]], [[vanadium]], [[zirconium]], and [[chromium]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Refractory Metal - an overview |work=ScienceDirect Topics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/refractory-metal|access-date=2020-11-23 |publisher=Elsevier}}</ref> [[Technetium]] is not included because of its radioactivity, though it would otherwise have qualified under the widest definition.<ref>{{cite book | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Sg9fAVdf8WoC&pg=PA308 | pages = 308β333 | isbn =978-0-87170-744-4| title =Alloying: understanding the basics| author1 =Davis, Joseph R | year =2001 | publisher = ASM International }}</ref><!--Ti, V, Cr, Nb, Ta, W, Mo, Re, Zr, Hf Habashi Nb, Ta, W, Mo, Re Davis Cr, Nb, Mo, Re, Ta, W, V, Wilson W Nb Mo Hf Re Ta Bauccio-->
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