Editing Regulation (section)

== Forms ==
Regulation in the social, political, psychological, and economic domains can take many forms: [[law|legal]] restrictions promulgated by a [[government]] authority, contractual obligations (for example, contracts between insurers and their insureds<ref>Marcos Antonio Mendoza, "Reinsurance as Governance: Governmental Risk Management Pools as a Case Study in the Governance Role Played by Reinsurance Institutions", 21 Conn. Ins. L.J. 53, (2014) https://ssrn.com/abstract=2573253</ref>), [[Self-regulation theory|self-regulation]] in psychology, [[social control|social regulation]] (e.g. [[norm (sociology)|norm]]s), co-regulation, third-party regulation, certification, accreditation or market regulation.<ref>Levi-Faur, David, Regulation and Regulatory Governance, Jerusalem Papers in Regulation and Governance, No. 1, 2010</ref>

[[State (polity)|State]]-mandated regulation is government intervention in the private market in an attempt to implement [[policy]] and produce outcomes which might not otherwise occur,<ref name="Orbach">Orbach, Barak, [https://ssrn.com/abstract=2143385 What Is Regulation? 30 Yale Journal on Regulation Online] 1 (2012)</ref> ranging from consumer protection to faster growth or technological advancement.

The regulations may prescribe or proscribe conduct ("command-and-control" regulation), calibrate incentives ("incentive" regulation), or change preferences ("preferences shaping" regulation). Common examples of regulation include limits on environmental [[pollution]], laws against child labor or other [[employment]] regulations, [[minimum wage]]s laws, regulations requiring truthful labelling of the ingredients in food and drugs, and food and drug safety regulations establishing minimum standards of testing and quality for what can be sold, and zoning and [[development approvals]] regulation. Much less common are controls on market entry, or [[price]] regulation.

One critical question in regulation is whether the regulator or government has sufficient information to make ex-ante regulation more efficient than ex-post liability for harm and whether industry self-regulation might be preferable.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sim|first=Michael|date=2018|title=Limited Liability and the Known Unknown|url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3121519|journal=Duke Law Journal|volume=68|pages=275–332|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3121519|s2cid=44186028|issn=1556-5068|via=SSRN|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schwarcz|first=Steven L.|date=2011|title=Keynote & Chapman Dialogue Address: Ex Ante Versus Ex Post Approaches to Financial Regulation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1748007|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.1748007|s2cid=154354509|issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Hosoe|first=Moriki|title=Ex-ante Regulation, Ex-post Regulation, and Collusion|date=2020|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3300-6_4|work=Applied Economic Analysis of Information and Risk|pages=49–66|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|doi=10.1007/978-981-15-3300-6_4|isbn=978-981-15-3299-3|s2cid=216306756|access-date=2020-11-03|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shavell|first=Steven|date=October 1983|title=Liability for Harm Versus Regulation of Safety|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1218|location=Cambridge, MA|doi=10.3386/w1218}}</ref> The [[economics]] of imposing or removing regulations relating to [[market (economics)|market]]s is analysed in empirical legal studies, law and economics, political science, environmental science, [[health economics]], and [[regulatory economics]].

Power to regulate should include the power to enforce regulatory decisions. Monitoring is an important tool used by national regulatory authorities in carrying out the regulated activities.<ref>Eraldo Banovac. Monitoringgrundlagen der kroatischen Regulierungsbehörde für Energie. EW − das Magazin für die Energie Wirtschaft, Vol. 103, No. 1–2, 2004, pp. 14–16.</ref>

In some countries (in particular the Scandinavian countries) industrial relations are to a very high degree regulated by the labour market parties themselves (self-regulation) in contrast to state regulation of minimum wages etc.<ref>Anders Kjellberg (2017) [http://portal.research.lu.se/ws/files/23904978/Kjellberg_FSNumhauserHenning_Self_Regulation_State_Regulation.pdf "Self-regulation versus State Regulation in Swedish Industrial Relations"] In Mia Rönnmar and Jenny Julén Votinius (eds.) ''Festskrift till Ann Numhauser-Henning''. Lund: Juristförlaget i Lund 2017, pp. 357-383</ref>

=== Measurement ===
Regulation can be assessed for different countries through various quantitative measures. The Global Indicators of Regulatory Governance<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Indicators of Regulatory Governance |url=https://rulemaking.worldbank.org/en/rulemaking |website=World Bank Group}}</ref> by [[World Bank]]'s Global Indicators Group scores 186 countries on transparency around proposed regulations, consultation on their content, the use of regulatory impact assessments<ref name=":0">{{cite web |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |date=October 2008 |title=Introductory Handbook for Undertaking Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) |url=https://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/44789472.pdf |postscript=, |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804020427/https://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/44789472.pdf |archive-date= Aug 4, 2023 }} retrieved 4/11/23.</ref> and the access to enacted laws on a scale from 0 to 5. The [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] include the regulatory quality indicator.<ref name="v-dem">[http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3066654 Sigman, Rachel, and Staffan I. Lindberg. "Neopatrimonialism and democracy: An empirical investigation of Africa's political regimes". V-Dem Working Paper 56 (2017).]</ref> The QuantGov project<ref>{{cite web|url=https://quantgov.org|title=QuantGov|website=quantgov.org|access-date=June 4, 2023}}</ref> at the [[Mercatus Center]] tracks the count of regulations by topic for United States, Canada, and Australia. The length of [[Code of Federal Regulations]] of the United States increased over time.<ref name="n134">{{cite web | title= Code of Federal Regulations, Total Pages 1938 - 1949, and total volumes and pages 1950 - 2021, Federal Register | url=https://uploads.federalregister.gov/uploads/2022/10/28150527/FR-Stats-2021-Cfr-Volumes.pdf}}</ref>