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Reichskommissar
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==German Empire== ===Domestic=== In the unified [[German Empire]] (after 1871), Reichskommissars were appointed to oversee special tasks. For instance, there was a Reichskommissar for [[emigration]] (''Reichskommissar für das Auswanderungswesen'') in [[Hamburg]]. Presumably the same title is rendered as "German Imperial Commissioner" in the case of [[Heligoland]], a strategically located once-Danish island in the [[North Sea]], formally handed over to Germany by the UK on 9 August 1890 (under the [[Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty]]) and on 15 December 1890 formally annexed to Germany (after 18 February 1891 part of the Prussian province of [[Schleswig-Holstein]]): 9 August 1890 – 1891 Adolf Wermuth (b. 1855 – d. 1927) ===Colonial=== The title of ''Reichskommissar'' was used during the German Empire for the governors of most of the ''[[Schutzgebiet]]e'' (a German term literally meaning [[protectorate]], but also applied to ordinary [[colony|colonies]]). ====In West Africa==== * in ''[[Kamerun]]'' (modern-day [[Cameroon]]) * Reichskommissare (Commissioners) **14 July 1884 – 19 July 1884 [[Gustav Nachtigal]] (b. 1834 – d. 1885) **19 July 1884 – 1 April 1885 [[Maximilian Buchner]] (acting) (b. 1846 – d. 1921) **1 April 1885 – 4 July 1885 [[Eduard von Knorr]] (acting) (b. 1840 – d. 1920); next came a list of governors until 4 March 1916 when * *in [[Togo]] the Reich Reichskommissare since 5 July 1884 proclamation of the [[Togoland]] protectorate: ** 5 July 1884 – 6 July 1884 [[Gustav Nachtigal]] (b. 1834 – d. 1885), the Reichskommissar for West Africa * **6 July 1884 – 26 June 1885 [[Heinrich Randad]], the provisional [[Consul (representative)|Consul]] **26 June 1885 – May 1887 [[Ernst Falkenthal]] (b. 1858 – d. 1911) **July 1887 – 17 October 1888 [[Jesko von Puttkamer]] (acting) (1st time) (b. 1855 – d. 1917) **17 October 1888 – 14 April 1891 [[Eugen von Zimmerer]] (b. 1843 – d. 1918) **14 April 1891 – 4 June 1892 Vacant **4 June 1892 – November 1893 Jesko von Puttkamer (2nd time); the same stayed on as the first of two ''Landeshauptleute'' ('Land captains'), until 13 August 1895; the second (18 November 1895 – 18 April 1898 [[August Köhler]], b. 1858 – d. 1902) was also the first of the Governors (since 1 January 1905 as German colony of Togoland, until the British conquered it August 1914) ==== German South-West Africa ==== *from 24 April 1884 as German South West Africa protectorate, only incumbent (7 October 1884 – May 1885) Gustav Nachtigal (b. 1834 – d. 1885; ''see above''), staying on shortly for the status transition *from 30 April 1885 – 1889 under the rule of the private [[German South West Africa Colonial Company]] (''Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft für Südwest-Afrika''), only incumbent (May 1885 – August 1890): [[Heinrich Ernst Göring]] (acting) (b. 1839 – d. 1913) * again as imperial protectorate (?) **first the abovementioned Heinrich Ernst Göring, de facto staying on **August 1890 – March 1891 [[Louis Nels]] (acting) (b. 1855 – d. 1910) **March 1891 – November 1893 [[Curt von François]] (b. 1852 – d. 1931), who stayed on when the country was declared on 14 September 1892 the German crown colony of South West Africa, and later again as the first of two [[Landeshauptleute]] ("captains of the territory") ====In East Africa==== * in [[German East Africa|Tanganyika]], the area acquired on 17 February 1885 by [[Carl Peters]] for the ''Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Gesellschaft'' (DOAG, '[[German East Africa Company]]', that was initially under an Administrator: 27 May 1885 – 8 February 1888 Karl Peters), since the proclamation of the German East African protectorate (7 May 1885 – 1 July 1890) over [[Wituland|Witu]] in Kenya; contested by Britain; on 28 April 1888 Germany obtains a lease of the coastal strip from the [[Sultan]] of [[Zanzibar]]), a single ''Reichskommissar'' is appointed (8 February 1888 – 21 February 1891: [[Hermann Wissmann|Hermann von Wissmann]] (b. 1853 – d. 1905), after him Governors of 1 January 1891 when proclaimed German East Africa colony (''Deutsch Ostafrika''), ending the 'private' DOAG rule. ====In Oceania==== *[[Nauru]], since 21 October 1887 a German protectorate, was under the following ''Reichskommissare'': **1886 – 1887 [[Wilhelm Knappe]] (b. 1855 – d. 1910) **1888 – 1889 [[Franz Leopold Sonnenschein (Reichskommissar)|Franz Leopold Sonnenschein]] (b. 1857 – d. 1897); next, as it was since 14 April 1888 administratively part of the (German) [[Marshall Islands]], it had mere [[Bezirksamtleute]] (District officers; 2 October 1888 – 1906), then, being since 1 April 1906 administratively part of [[German New Guinea]], [[Stationsleiter]] ('Station Chiefs'; from 1911, subordinated to the administrators of [[Pohnpei|Ponape]] district) until 6 November 1914, finally the island was lost ([[Australia]]n administration, first by a military Commander, then under [[League of Nations mandate]])
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