Editing Reid technique (section)

==Background==
In 1931, the [[Wickersham Commission]] report, "Lawlessness in Law Enforcement", showed that violent forms of interrogation (known as the "third degree" after investigation and interview) were widespread but actually reduced crime-solving by causing false confessions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Third Degree |work=[[American Experience]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/lie-detector-third-degree/ |access-date=2024-09-15 |publisher=[[PBS]] |language=en}}</ref> Involuntary alleged confessions had already been inadmissible in federal criminal trials since 1897 ''[[Bram v. United States]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Gallini |first=Brian |date=2010-02-01 |title=Police 'Science' in the Interrogation Room: Seventy Years of Pseudo-Psychological Interrogation Methods to Obtain Inadmissible Confessions |url=https://scholarworks.uark.edu/lawpub/29/ |journal=Hastings L.J.}}</ref> From 1936, interrogations causing obvious physical harm were ruled [[Admissible evidence|inadmissible]] by the US Supreme Court in ''[[Brown v. Mississippi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McInnis |first=Donald E. |date=2019-07-21 |title=The History of the American System of Interrogation |url=https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/the-history-of-the-american-system-of-interrogatio |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=History News Network |language=en}}</ref> 

A number of manuals were developed based on deception rather than assault, such as by W. R. Kidd in 1940, Clarence D. Lee in 1953 and Arther and Caputo in 1959. The most influential was from the writings of Fred E. Inbau from 1942, entitled ''Lie Detection and Criminal Interrogation''. For the third edition in 1953, Inbau invited John Reid as co-author, for a new section on so-called lie detector techniques, such as the "control question".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=Ralph F. |last2=Goddard |first2=Calvin |date=1953 |title=Review of Lie Detection and Criminal Interrogation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1140118 |journal=The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=550–552 |doi=10.2307/1140118 |issn=0022-0205|url-access=subscription }}</ref> 

[[Fred E. Inbau]], a [[Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law|Northwestern University]] lawyer and criminologist, and [[John E. Reid]], a law graduate who had worked in the [[Chicago Police Department]], would publish other manuals together. Inbau had worked at the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory (SCDL), which was set up in 1929 to better combat crime after the [[Saint Valentine's Day Massacre|St. Valentine's Day Massacre]]. Inbau became SCDL's director after it was sold by Northwestern to the Chicago police in 1938, and he trained police officers and prosecutors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goddard |first=Calvin |title=THE SCIENTIFIC CRIME DETECTION LABORATORY Chicago’s Answer to Mass Machine Gun Murder |url=https://chicagology.com/chicagopolice/crimelab/ |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=chicagology.com}}</ref> Both [[Leonarde Keeler|Leonard Keeler]], inventor of polygraph technology, and John Reid set up polygraph training clinics in Chicago after working at the SCDL.  

In 1955 in [[Lincoln, Nebraska]], John E. Reid had helped gain a confession from a suspect, Darrel Parker, for Parker's wife's murder. This case established Reid's reputation and popularized his technique.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Loyola University New Orleans, School of Law |title=Coming to PEACE with Police Interrogations: Abandoning the Reid Technique and Adopting the PEACE Method. - Free Online Library |publisher=The Free Library |location=II. THE REID TECHNIQUE AND ITS INHERENT ISSUES |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Coming+to+PEACE+with+Police+Interrogations%3a+Abandoning+the+Reid...-a0677091177 |access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref> Parker recanted his confession the next day, but it was admitted to evidence at his trial. He was convicted by a jury and sentenced to life in prison. He was later determined to be innocent, after another man confessed and was found to have been the perpetrator. Parker sued the state for [[wrongful conviction]]; it paid him $500,000 in compensation.<ref name="starr">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/12/09/the-interview-7|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|title=The Interview: Do police interrogation techniques produce false confessions?|pages=42–49|first=Douglas|last=Starr|date=December 2, 2013|access-date=March 4, 2024}}</ref>

In spite of Parker's false confession, Reid co-authored a text explaining his interrogation techniques.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Inbau |first1=Fred E. |last2=Reid |first2=John E |last3=Buckley |first3=Joseph P. |last4=Jayne |first4=Brian C |title=Criminal Interrogation and Confessions |date=2011 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |location=Burlington, MA |isbn=978-0763799366 |edition=5th}}</ref> The first edition of the "Reid Manual" (''Criminal Interrogation and Confessions'') in 1962, was heavily criticized by the US Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cray |first=Ed |date=1968 |title=Criminal Interrogations and Confessions: The Ethical Imperative |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/wlr1968&div=16&id=&page= |journal=Wisconsin Law Review |volume=1968 |pages=173}}</ref> Its famous ''[[Miranda v. Arizona]]'' warnings were made in large part in response to the psychological [[subjugation]] and risks of the Reid techniques. Inbau and Reid gained public notability themselves, due also to appearing in a 1964 inquiry into the federal government's use of "lie detectors".<ref name=":0" /> 

A second edition of the manual, in 1967, incorporated advice on how to use [[Miranda warning|Miranda warnings]]. A third edition, in 1986, marked the start of what has been called "the new Reid method".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirsch |first=Alan |date=2014-03-01 |title=Going to the Source: The 'New' Reid Method and False Confessions |url=https://openurl.ebsco.com/EPDB:gcd:14:15302750/detailv2?sid=ebsco:plink:scholar&id=ebsco:gcd:119759641&crl=c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825191113/https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/73465/OSJCL_V11N2_803.pdf |archive-date=Aug 25, 2020 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law |language=en}}</ref>

Reid died in 1982, and Joseph Buckley became president of Reid Inc.<ref name="starr" /> By 2013, according to ''[[The New Yorker]]'', the company trained "more interrogators than any other company in the world",<ref name="starr"/> and Reid's technique had been adopted by law enforcement agencies of many different types,{{Vague|date=July 2023}} with it being especially influential in North America.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1474813|journal=[[Hastings Law Journal]]|title=Police 'Science' in the Interrogation Room: Seventy Years of Pseudo-Psychological Interrogation Methods to Obtain Inadmissible Confessions|first=Brian|last=Gallini|issue=61|date=February 2010|page=529|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref>