Editing Reliant Motors (section)

==Company history and car production==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2019}}
[[File:1974.reliant.robin.arp.jpg|thumb|right|1974 Reliant Robin]]
[[File:Reliant KITTEN ESTATE dutch licence registration 42-UK-32 pic3.JPG|thumb|right|[[Reliant Kitten]] estate]]
[[File:Bond Bug 3 Wheeler - Flickr - mick - Lumix(1).jpg|thumb|Bond Bug]]
[[File:Reliant Scimitar SS1 exhiibited at Schaffen-Diest Fly-drive 2013.JPG|thumb|Reliant Scimitar SS1]]

=== First vehicles ===
When the [[Raleigh Bicycle Company]] decided to discontinue the manufacture of their three-wheeled vehicles in 1934, their works manager, T. L. Williams, and a colleague, E. S. Thompson, felt that the days of lightweight three-wheelers were not over. They decided to build their own vehicle in Williams's back garden on Kettlebrook Road in [[Tamworth, Staffordshire|Tamworth]]. Their home-built design closely resembled the Karryall van previously built by Raleigh, and the prototype was licensed in January 1935.<ref name="CAR200012" /> It was a 7 [[Hundredweight|cwt]] (356&nbsp;kg) van with a steel chassis, powered by a 600 cc [[single-cylinder engine]] driving the rear wheels through a three-speed gearbox and [[chain drive]]. The body was a hardwood frame with aluminium panels attached to it, like other cars of the time. With the motorcycle front end, mounted in the open, in front of the bulkhead, it was essentially a motorcycle fitted with a box body. The initial prototype had handlebars for steering,<ref>Payne, Elvis (2016). The Reliant Motor Company. Crecy Publishing. {{ISBN|9781908347367}}</ref> but after several trials with small local companies, it was changed to a steering wheel.

The work moved to a disused bus depot on Watling Street in [[Fazeley]].<ref name="CAR200012">{{cite journal| title =Robin's rest| journal = CAR| pages =106–108|date = December 2000}}</ref> On 3 June 1935, the first Reliant was delivered. Powered by a single-cylinder air-cooled 600 cc [[J. A. Prestwich Industries|J.A.P.]] engine, the driver sat centrally on the vehicle astride the engine, much like a motorcyclist. The single-cylinder engine left the Reliant under-powered. In March 1936, a two-cylinder, water-cooled J.A.P. engine and an increase to 8 cwt (407&nbsp;kg) [[gross vehicle weight]] was released. The driver no longer sat astride the engine and the vehicle gained more conventional forward-facing seats in the front. The first improved eight cwt twin-cylinder model was delivered on 16 March 1936.

In 1938, the Reliant Motor Company started to use the 10.5&nbsp;hp, 747 cc four-cylinder Austin [[Side valve|side-valve]] engine as found in the popular [[Austin 7|Austin Seven]]. The first four-cylinder Reliant was delivered on 12 March 1938. The Austin Car Company then announced its intention to cease production of the 747 cc Austin Seven engine. As Williams was always enthusiastic about making Reliant as independent as possible, he was keen that the company did not buy parts that it could make "in-house". Austin sold all the 747 cc engine tooling and manufacturing rights to Reliant, allowing them to commence manufacturing the engine. Although appearing very similar to the Austin engine, the level of commonality between Reliant and Austin remains unclear; the Reliant side-valve engine was a 747 cc four-cylinder unit built using smaller-scale manufacturing techniques than Austin. The Reliant [[crankcase]] was [[Sand casting|sand-cast]] rather than die-cast.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

=== Postwar vehicles and advent of fibreglass ===
During the [[Second World War]], Reliant machined parts for the war effort. In the post-war years, three-wheeler development continued. Reliant introduced a slightly modified van called the Regent. Visually similar to an over-sized motorcycle, the first Regent was completed on 13 March 1946, ten years after the first twin-cylinder van. The Regent grew to a GVW of 10 cwt and was better equipped, with sliding windows in the doors rather than canvas side screens. Two larger models were produced, a 12 cwt Regent and a Prince Regent. In 1953, the Regent continued to be built alongside the [[Reliant Regal]]. The Regent was eventually replaced by the Regal Mk II 5 cwt van in 1956.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Reliant Regent Van |url=http://classiccars.brightwells.com/viewdetails.php?id=6274|website=classiccars.brightwells.com|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref>

In 1952, a four-seat car was launched, initially with an aluminium body, but panel by panel, the company substituted it with fibreglass, as their understanding of the material improved and the price of aluminium increased.<ref name="CAR200012" /> By 1956, the bodywork of the [[Reliant Regal|Mark 3 version of the Reliant Regal]] had changed completely to fibreglass. The first generation of vehicles were designated Mk1 to Mk6, with each one getting improvements and slightly different styling. The car was originally powered by the 750 cc Austin Seven engine, originally manufactured by Austin Motor Company and later Reliant. Reliant's redesign of the engine gave it {{Convert|17.5|hp|kW|abbr=unit}}, which was a big improvement over the 10.5&nbsp;hp of the 750cc Austin 7 design. Reliant was one of the last companies to produce a side-valve engine design, with the production of the Reliant 750 cc engine ending in 1962.

The 1963 Regal 3/25 had its body completely made of fibreglass. On previous generations of the Regal, the body was fibreglass, but the floor was made of bolted-together hardwood. Its engine was the first mass-produced lightweight [[Overhead valve engine|overhead valve]] aluminium-alloy engine in Europe and the UK. Displacement was initially 598 cc on the Regal 3/25, but was later upgraded to 700 cc on the Regal 3/30.

=== Expansion ===
At the same time, Reliant were working for other countries to design vehicles for home-grown production. Vehicles would be sent over in kit form for the countries' own workforces to assemble. Reliant would first design the vehicle to the country's or company's requirements. The first was the [[Anadol#Anadol A1 (1966-1975)|Anadol]] in Turkey, which was based on a mix of [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] parts and a custom chassis. The Anadol began as a two-door saloon, then a four-door saloon, followed by commercial pickup and van versions. The pickup was produced until the early 1990s.

A similar vehicle was the Israeli [[Sabra Sport]], also based on a Ford engine and running gear. Reliant was so impressed with the design, they sold it in the UK as the [[Reliant Sabre|Sabre]] to help Reliant's company image expand beyond a three-wheeled micro-car maker. The car sold poorly against offerings from [[Triumph Motor Company|Triumph]] and [[MG Motor|MG]], however.

Later, Reliant bought a prototype design for the replacement [[Daimler Dart]], which became the [[Reliant Scimitar|Scimitar]] coupe and later the best-selling sporting estate—the Scimitar GTE.

To power the Scimitar GT coupe and Sabre, Reliant turned towards [[Ford of Britain]] and were supplied with the [[Ford Zephyr engine|Zephyr 6 and Consul 4]] engines. The coupe GT could be purchased with either the 2.5 litre or the 3.0 litre Essex V6 engine. Later, 3.0 GTEs were fitted with Essex V6 engines and gearboxes. On the 3.0 V6 GTE, the back axle ratio changed depending on the use of either a straight four-speed gearbox or one with an overdrive unit.

Reliant bought out [[Bond Cars]] in 1969 after Bond had gone into liquidation. Reliant purchased Bond after wanting to enter Triumph dealerships. Bond's [[Bond Equipe|Equipe]] sports car already had this agreement, but Triumph entered [[British Leyland]] and the deal ended. It is said that Bond was Reliant's main competitor in three-wheeled vehicles, with the [[Bond Minicar]] and the [[Bond 875]], but Reliant's vehicles outsold Bond's in huge numbers, with a much larger production and dealer network. Reliant did use the Bond name for the 1970s [[Bond Bug]], which was a Reliant prototype originally named the Reliant Rogue. The Bug was a sporty three-wheeler designed by [[Ogle Design|Ogle]] designer [[Tom Karen]]. The Bug used a shortened [[Reliant Regal]] chassis and other mechanical parts, but many parts, such as the front [[swingarm]], were new designs that would also be used on the 1973 Reliant Robin. The Bond Bug came in 700, 700E and 700ES models until replaced by the 750 model.

Reliant built four-wheeled versions of their three-wheeled stablemates – the first was the [[Reliant Rebel]], which had three-quarters of the rear chassis design of the Regal, but front suspension based on the Triumph Herald with Reliant's own steering system. The engines were the same 600 cc and 700 cc units used in the Regal, but with a higher [[compression ratio]] and more torque because of the extra weight the Rebel carried over the Regal. The last model came with the 750 cc version when the Mk1 Reliant Robin was introduced. The styling of the Rebel was intended to make the car look unique so it did not seem like a four-wheeled version of the Regal; the Rebel came in [[Sedan (automobile)|saloon]], estate and van models.

The [[Reliant Kitten]] was the four-wheeled version of the 1970s Reliant Robin, designed to replace the Rebel and featuring the 850 cc version of Reliant's own engine, which was introduced in 1975 (with the Reliant Robin gaining the engine shortly afterwards). The design this time featured very heavily on the Reliant Robin with only the nose of the design being different, having square headlights and a black panel around them – this was done mainly for cost-saving reasons so the parts from both vehicles could be shared for production.

After Reliant Kitten production stopped in 1982, the rights were sold to [[Sipani]] Automobiles in India who made the vehicle near-exactly the same, but with the name Sipani Dolphin. Later, the vehicle became a 4-door hatchback called the Sipani Montana. The car was built well into the 1990s with exactly the same Kitten mechanical. Reliant exported engines they had built for their own vehicles in the UK.

Between 1983 and 1990, a utility/pickup vehicle called the [[Reliant Fox]] was produced in the UK. This was based on an original development by Reliant to design a vehicle for the Greek company [[MEBEA]]. It was based on Reliant Kitten mechanical with its own pickup body and canvas top design. It had originally been built in Greece by MEBEA between 1979 and 1983.<ref name=Greekmanuf>[https://www.academia.edu/2899187/Greek_vehicle_and_machine_manufacturers_1800_to_present_A_pictorial_history Skartsis, L., "Greek Vehicle & Machine Manufacturers 1800 to present: A Pictorial History", Marathon (2012)] {{ISBN|978-960-93-4452-4}} (eBook) accessed 18 August 2023</ref> After production finished in Greece, Reliant decided to build it in the UK, but gave the Fox many design changes, including 12-inch wheels, altered suspension and the high compression 850 cc engine. They designed a rear hardtop to make the vehicle into a van or estate. Tandy Industries used Foxes as a basis for a compact, two-berth camper-van.

Reliant also made a small three-wheeled commercial vehicle called the [[Reliant TW9]], later sold by other companies as the Ant (and, like the Robin, licence-built in Greece by [[MEBEA]]<ref name=Greekmanuf/>), which was a chassis and cab, onto which a custom rear body was fitted: a road sweeper, a flat back, a van, a milk float and hydraulic lifting rear bed version were common fitments. Also, a fifth wheel (actually fourth wheel) articulated tractor unit was created to pull large trailers. It was often used by public utility companies or more commonly sold to councils, where its ability to negotiate narrow alleyways was a big advantage.

Reliant's expertise in the area of composite car body production also saw the company produce lightweight bodyshells for [[Ford RS200]] [[rally car]]s and a fibreglass-bodied [[taxicab|taxi]], the [[MetroCab]] – the first to have full wheelchair provision (manufactured by a division of [[Kamkorp]] after 2001), they also made Ford fibreglass truck cabs and [[Ford Transit]] hightops. With Reliant's expertise in fibreglass, the company created bodies for trains, kitchen worktops and boat/jet ski hulls.

Reliant's main business was selling three-wheeled vehicles. The main market these would sell to would be a motorcyclist who didn't wish to pass their full car licence test. It was a sizable niche market due to the large number of motorcyclists present and it lasted until 2001 when the EU eliminated the B1 class from being issued with a full motorcycle licence (the B1 allowing the holder to drive a three or four-wheeled vehicle up to the weight of {{cvt|550|kg|disp=sqbr}}). The change capped Reliant's market share.

===End of car production===
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2020}}	 
The Hodge Group bought the majority of Reliant in 1962, selling it 15 years later to the Nash family. During the early 1990s, the owner of Reliant was a major housing developer and when the 1992 recession hit, the company folded and Reliant was sold to Beans Engineering. By 1996, Jonathan Haynes<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eibmbracewellenterprise23.home.blog/2019/03/31/jonathan-haynes-transformational-leadership/ |title=Jonathan Haynes – Transformational Leadership |date=31 March 2019 |access-date=18 August 2023}}</ref> took the lead and his main backer took control – Haynes created a new range of Robin and Rialto specifications to appeal to more customers including more luxury models such as the SLX. Sales doubled as previously most Reliant vehicles were basic with not even the option of metallic paint. 
	 	
In 1997, production was relocated to Plant Lane, Burntwood, following a major redesign of the Robin model in 1998. The new model featured all new panels and was essentially a 'heavy facelift' designed by Andy Plumb. Research continued into four-wheeled Reliant models such as a Kitten for the modern age. Prototypes for this featured in many newspapers and magazines at the time. Production continued of the Robin model until 2001 when shareholders decided to import Ligier microcars and [[Piaggio Ape]] three-wheelers instead. Jonathan Haynes sold his shares and left the company before production ended because he wished to create an all-new four-wheeled Reliant model instead.
	 
The last Reliant made was the Robin 65 a Reliant Robin in metallic gold to celebrate 65 years of car production. The vehicles had every optional extra and sold for £10,000 - 65 of these vehicles were built up to Valentine's Day 2001.