Editing Religious discrimination (section)

==History==

===Ancient===
Jews faced religious discrimination in the [[Roman Empire]]. The low point was the expulsion of Jews from [[Jerusalem]] and subsequent paganization of the city during the reign of Emperor [[Hadrian]] (117–138 AD), which led to the [[Jewish diaspora]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia 
| author1=Richard Gottheil
| author2=Samuel Krauss
| volume= VI
| pages= 134–135
|title=Hadrian
| date= 1901
|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7015-hadrian|access-date=2 January 2023|encyclopedia=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref>

[[Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire]] was widespread. [[Christianity]] threatened the polytheistic order of the [[Roman Empire]] because of the importance of [[evangelism]] in Christianity. Under the [[Neronian persecution]], Rome began to discriminate against monotheists who refused to worship the Roman gods. [[Nero]] blamed Christians for the [[Great Fire of Rome]] (64 AD).<ref name=whitby>{{cite book |editor1-last=Whitby |editor1-first=Michael |editor2-last=Streeter |editor2-first=Joseph |title=Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy GEM de Ste.Croix |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-927812-1}}</ref> During the [[Decian persecution]], [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerianic persecution]], and [[Diocletianic Persecution]], Christians were slaughtered by being thrown to wild beasts, churches were destroyed, priests were imprisoned, and scriptures were confiscated. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianhistoryproject.org/to-the-decian-persecution/irenaeus/|title=Irenaeus – The mass slaughter of Lyon's Christians|work=Christian History Project}}</ref><ref name="whitby"/>

Religious discrimination against Christians ended with the [[Edict of Milan]] (313 AD), and the [[Edict of Thessalonica]] (380 AD) made Christianity the official religion of the empire.<ref>{{cite web |title=Persecution in the Early Church |url=http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/history/persecution.htm |publisher=Religion Facts}}</ref> By the 5th century Christianity became the dominant religion in Europe and took a reversed role, discriminating against [[Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire|pagans]], [[Heresy|heretics]], and [[Anti-Judaism#Christian anti-Judaism|Jews]].<ref>MacMullen, R. ''Christianizing The Roman Empire A.D.100-400'', Yale University Press, 1984, {{ISBN|0-300-03642-6}}</ref>

===Medieval===
[[File:Expulsion judios-en.svg|thumb|right|[[Expulsions and exoduses of Jews|Expulsions of Jews]] in Europe from 1100 to 1600]]
In the [[Middle Ages]], [[antisemitism in Europe]] was widespread. Christians falsely accused Jews of [[Jewish deicide]], [[blood libel]], and [[well poisoning]], and subjected them to expulsions, forced conversions, and mandatory sermons. In the [[Papal States]], Jews were required to live in poor segregated neighbourhoods called ghettos.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.holocaustcenterpgh.net/2-3.html |title=Why the Jews? – Black Death |publisher=Holocaustcenterpgh.net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429065613/http://www.holocaustcenterpgh.net/2-3.html |archive-date=29 April 2007}}</ref> Historians note that religious discrimination against Jews tended to increase during negative economic and climatic shocks in Europe, such as when they were scapegoated for causing the [[Black Death]].<ref>See Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, ''La plus grande épidémie de Histoire'' ("The greatest epidemics in history"), in ''[[L'Histoire]]'' magazine, n°310, June 2006, p.47 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

During the [[Islamic Golden Age]], many Jewish, Christian, Zoroastrian, and Pagan lands came under [[Muslim]] rule. As [[People of the Book]], Jews, Christians, and [[Mandaeans]] living under Muslim rule became [[dhimmi]]s with social status inferior to that of Muslims. Although [[Sharia]] law granted dhimmis freedom of religion, they were subjected to religious discrimination as second-class citizens and had to pay a [[jizya]] tax. They could not proselytize Muslims, marry Muslims (in the case of dhimmi men), build or repair [[Church (building)|churches]] and [[synagogue]]s without permission, perform loud religious rituals such as the ringing of church bells, carry weapons, or ride horses and camels.<ref name="griffith">{{cite book |title=The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam |publisher=Princeton University Press |author=Sidney H. Griffith |year=2010 |isbn=978-0691146287}}</ref><ref name="sharkey">{{cite book |title=Introducing World Christianity |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |author=Heather J. Sharkey |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4443-4454-7 |page=10}}</ref><ref name="Karsh">{{cite book |last=Karsh |first=Ephraim |title=Islamic Imperialism: A History |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-300-10603-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicimperiali00kars}}</ref> These discriminatory laws forced many Christians into poverty and slavery.<ref name="stillman">{{cite book |last=Stillman |first=Norman A. |author-link=Norman Stillman |year=1998 |title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book |chapter=Under the New Order |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFN2ismyhEYC&pg=PA22 |location=[[Philadelphia]] |publisher=[[Jewish Publication Society]] |pages=22–28 |isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7}}</ref>

During the [[First Crusade]] (1096), Christian knights recaptured the [[Holy Land]] from Muslim rule, massacring most of the Muslims and Jews in Jerusalem. This led to the creation of Catholic-ruled [[Crusader states]], most notably the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. In these kingdoms Jews, Muslims, and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]] had no rights, being considered property of the crusader lords.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/cde-jlem.asp#gesta2 |title=King John of England: Royal Licenses to Export and Import, 1205–1206 |website=Fordham.edu}}</ref><ref>Mayer calls them "chattels of the state"; Hans Mayer, "Latins, Muslims, and Greeks in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem", History 63 (1978), pg. 177; reprinted in ''Probleme des lateinischen Königreichs Jerusalem'' (Variorum, 1983).</ref>

===Modern===
[[File:Le Dragon missionnaire.jpg|right|thumb|Protestant political cartoon satirising the ''[[Dragonnades]]'' in France]]
In [[early modern Europe]], there was a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants taking place in many countries. In [[early modern Britain]], the [[Act of Uniformity 1548]] compelled the [[Church of England]] to use only the [[Book of Common Prayer]] for its liturgy. There were several other Acts of Uniformity as the conflict continued well into the 19th century.<ref name=hooker>''The Works of Richard Hooker'', II, p. 485; quoted after: John Coffey (2000)</ref> When [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] became the sole compulsory religion in [[early modern France]] during the reign of [[Louis XIV]], the [[Huguenot]]s had to leave the country en masse.<ref name="hooker"/>

The [[Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652]] barred Catholics from most public offices and confiscated large amounts of their land, much of which was [[Plantations of Ireland#Cromwellian land confiscation (1652)|given to Protestant settlers]].<ref>John Morley, Biography of Oliver Cromwell. Page 298. 1900 and 2001. {{ISBN|978-1-4212-6707-4}}.; {{cite web|url=http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/civilwar/g5/cs2/s4/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928062053/http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/civilwar/g5/cs2/s4/ |archive-date=28 September 2007 }} British National Archives web site. Accessed March 2007; {{cite web|url=http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/military/1649-52-cromwell-ireland.htm |title=1649-52: Cromwell's conquest of Ireland |access-date=17 January 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041211163740/http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/military/1649-52-cromwell-ireland.htm |archive-date=11 December 2004 }} From a history site dedicated to the English Civil War. "...&nbsp;making Cromwell's name into one of the most hated in Irish history". Accessed March 2007. Site currently offline. WayBack Machine holds archive here</ref> 

During the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the late modern period, particularly ever since the [[Great Turkish War]] (1683), discrimination against religious minorities worsened. The destruction of churches and the expulsion of local Christian communities became commonplace.<ref name=pavlowitch>{{Cite book|last=Pavlowitch|first=Stevan K.|author-link=Stevan K. Pavlowitch|title=Serbia: The History behind the Name|year=2002|location=London|publisher=Hurst & Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-RuLDaNwbMC|isbn=9781850654773}}</ref> Tolerance policies were abandoned in Ottoman Albania, in favor of [[Islamization of Albania|reducing the size of Albania's Catholic population through Islamization]].<ref>Zhelyazkova, Antonina. ‘'Albanian Identities'’. Sofia, 2000: International Center for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations. pp. 15-16</ref>

[[Antisemitism in the Russian Empire]] was widespread, as Imperial Russia contained the world's largest Jewish population at the time. Jews were subject to discriminatory laws such as the [[May Laws]] (1882), which restricted them from certain locations, jobs, transactions, schools, and political positions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singer |first=Isidore |author-link= |date=1901 |title=Jewish Encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=289&letter=M |location=New York |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls |page= |isbn=}}</ref> They were also targeted in frequent anti-Jewish riots, called [[pogrom]]s.