Editing Remipedia (section)

==Description==
Remipedes are {{convert|1|-|4|cm|in|1}} long and comprise a head and an elongate trunk of up to thirty-two similar [[body segment]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cameronmccormick.blogspot.com/2008/11/remipedia.html |title=Remipedia  |work=The Lord Geekington |author=Cameron McCormick |date=November 10, 2008}}</ref> Pigmentation and eyes are absent.<ref name=Yager2013>{{cite web| author=Yager, J. | title=Lasionectes entrichoma Yager & Schram, 1986 | url=http://www.tamug.edu/cavebiology/fauna/remipedes/L_entrichoma.html | date=18 September 2013 | publisher=tamug.edu | access-date=9 February 2018 }}</ref> Biramous swimming [[appendage]]s are laterally present on each segment. The animals swim on their backs and are generally slow-moving.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Regier|first1=Jerome C.|last2=Shultz|first2=Jeffrey W.|last3=Zwick|first3=Andreas|last4=Hussey|first4=April|last5=Ball|first5=Bernard|last6=Wetzer|first6=Regina|last7=Martin|first7=Joel W.|last8=Cunningham|first8=Clifford W.|date=February 2010|title=Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences|journal=Nature|volume=463|issue=7284|pages=1079–1083|doi=10.1038/nature08742|pmid=20147900|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=2010Natur.463.1079R|s2cid=4427443}}</ref> They are the only known venomous crustaceans, and have fangs connected to secretory glands, which inject a combination of [[digestive enzyme]]s and [[venom]] into their prey,<ref>{{cite journal |title=First venomous crustacean discovered |journal=[[Nature News]] |last=Kaplan |first=Matt |date=22 October 2013 |access-date=10 May 2015 |url=http://www.nature.com/news/first-venomous-crustacean-discovered-1.13985 |doi=10.1038/nature.2013.13985|s2cid=87091184 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> but they also feed through [[Filter feeder|filter feeding]]. Being [[hermaphrodite]]s, the female pore is located on the seventh trunk segment and the male pore on the fourteenth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hinderstein |first1=Lara M. |last2=Iliffe |first2=Thomas M. |last3=Schram |first3=Frederick R. |last4=Bloechl |first4=Armin |last5=Koenemann |first5=Stefan |date=2007 |title=Behavior of Remipedia in the Laboratory, with Supporting Field Observations |url=https://academic.oup.com/jcb/article-lookup/doi/10.1651/S-2809A.1 |journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=534–542 |doi=10.1651/S-2809A.1|bibcode=2007JCBio..27..534H |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Remipedia have a generally primitive body plan compared to other extant crustaceans, and are the only extant [[pancrustacea]]ns to lack significant postcephalic [[Tagma (biology)|tagmosis]].<ref name=":0" /> External respiratory structures like gills are absent.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aLWAQAAQBAJ&dq=remipedia+gills&pg=PA149 | title=Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Crustacea, Volume 4 part A | isbn=978-90-474-4045-1 | last1=Klein | first1=Carel von Vaupel | last2=Charmantier-Daures | first2=Mireille | date=24 October 2013 | publisher=BRILL }}</ref> Previously regarded as 'primitive', Remipedia have since been shown to have enhanced olfactory nerve centers (a common feature for species that live in dark environments).<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Martin Fanenbruck |author2=Steffen Harzsch  |author3=Johann Wolfgang Wägele  |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |title=The brain of the Remipedia (Crustacea) and an alternative hypothesis on their phylogenetic relationships |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |doi=10.1073/pnas.0306212101 |volume=101 |issue=11 |pages=3868–3873 |pmid=15004272 |pmc=374336|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The larvae are free-living and appear to be lecithotrophic (non-feeding). Mouths, guts, and anuses appear in the juvenile stage. Because of the energy and nutrients required for swimming, molting, and to grow in size and length, it has been speculated that the larvae may have other sources of growth than its yolk; possibly symbiotic bacteria.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Carel von Vaupel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aLWAQAAQBAJ&dq=remipedia+lecithotrophic+yolk+carbohydrates+lipid&pg=PA155 |title=Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Crustacea, Volume 4 part A |last2=Charmantier-Daures |first2=Mireille |date=2013-10-24 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-4045-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2tEEAAAQBAJ&dq=remipedia+anoxic+zone+halocline+bacterial+symbionts&pg=PA741 | title=Evolution and Phylogeny of Pancrustacea: A Story of Scientific Method | isbn=978-0-19-971092-8 | last1=Schram | first1=Frederick R. | last2=Koenemann | first2=Stefan | date=16 October 2021 | publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>

With the exception of ''Speleonectes kakuki'', which inhabits a fully marine, sub-seafloor cave in the Bahamas, all known species of remipedians have been found exclusively in [[Anchialine system|anchialine cave systems]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Neiber |first1=Marco T. |last2=Hartke |first2=Tamara R. |last3=Stemme |first3=Torben |last4=Bergmann |first4=Alexandra |last5=Rust |first5=Jes |last6=Iliffe |first6=Thomas M. |last7=Koenemann |first7=Stefan |date=2011 |title=Global Biodiversity and Phylogenetic Evaluation of Remipedia (Crustacea) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=e19627 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0019627 |doi-access=free |pmc=3098257 |pmid=21625553|bibcode=2011PLoSO...619627N }}</ref>