Editing Repressed memory (section)

== History ==
[[Sigmund Freud]] discussed repressed memory in his 1896 essay, [[The Aetiology of Hysteria]].<ref name="freud">
{{cite book|last=Hinz|first=Paul| name-list-style = vanc |title=Die Verfassung des Freistaates Preussen|year=1920|publisher=J. Bensheimer|pages=55–57}}
</ref>
One of the studies published in his essay involved a young woman referred to as [[Anna O.]], who had been treated by Freud's friend and colleague [[Josef Breuer]]. Among her many ailments, Anna O. had stiff paralysis on the right side of her body. Freud hypothesized that her symptoms were attached to psychological traumas; the traumatic experiences had been repressed from her conscious mind, but reappeared as physical symptoms. Breuer used hypnosis to treat Anna O. She is reported to have gained slight mobility on her right side.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boag|first=Simon| name-list-style = vanc |title=Freudian Repression|year=2012|publisher=Karnac Books|location=London|isbn=9781855757387}}</ref>

The concept received renewed interest in the 1970s in relation to [[child sexual abuse]] and [[incest]].<ref name="abc" /> Coming to be labelled ''The Recovered Memory Movement'' and ''Memory Wars''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Robert |date=2012 |title=Introduction: In the aftermath of the so-called memory wars. |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2011-30132-001 |website=American Psychological Association}}</ref> or ''The Memory War'',<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Maran |first=Meredith |date=September 20, 2010 |title=The lie that tore my family apart |url=https://www.salon.com/2010/09/20/my_lie_maran/ |website=Salon}}</ref> it became a major issue in [[Popular culture|pop culture]] during the 1980s and 1990s, connected to [[Satanic panic]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shewan |first=Dan |date=September 8, 2015 |title=Conviction of Things Not Seen: The Uniquely American Myth of Satanic Cults |url=https://psmag.com/social-justice/make-a-cross-with-your-fingers-its-the-satanic-panic |website=Pacific Standard}}</ref> and spawned a myriad of legal cases, controversies, and media.<ref name="abc" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Loftus |first=Elizabeth |date=1993 |title=The Reality of Repressed Memories |url=https://staff.washington.edu/eloftus/Articles/lof93.htm |journal=The American Psychologist|volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=518–537 |doi=10.1037/0003-066x.48.5.518 |pmid=8507050 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Tyroler |first=Paula |date=1996 |title=The Recovered Memory Movement: A Female Perspective |url=http://www.ipt-forensics.com/journal/volume8/j8_2_2.htm |website=Institute for Psychological Therapies}}</ref> ''[[Michelle Remembers]]'' (1980), a discredited book by Canadian psychiatrist [[Lawrence Pazder]] and his wife/former patient Michelle Smith about Smith's fabricated experiences with repressed memories of childhood Satantic rituals and abuse, gained widespread popularity that persisted after debunking,<ref name=":0" /> influenced subsequent claims,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hopper |first=Tristin |date=September 5, 2017 |title=How Canada tricked the world into believing murderous Satanists were everywhere |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/the-canadian-book-that-tricked-the-world-into-believing-they-were-overrun-with-satanist-murder-cults |website=National Post}}</ref> and received promotion from media including [[Oprah Winfrey|Oprah]], [[Geraldo Rivera]], [[Sally Jessy Raphael|Sally Jesse Raphael]], and [[20/20 (American TV program)|20/20]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodwin |first=Megan |date=February 4, 2020 |title=Michelle Remembers and the Satanic Panic |url=https://therevealer.org/michelle-remembers-and-the-satanic-panic/ |website=The Revealer}}</ref> Starting in the 1980s, repressed memory legal cases increased rapidly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=F. Rock |first=Sheila |date=October 1995 |title=A Claim for Third Party Standing in Malpractice Cases Involving Repressed Memory Syndrome |url=https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1713&context=wmlr |journal=William & Mary Law Review |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=338–340 |via=William & Mary Law School}}</ref> In 1989, a landmark legal case developed when George Franklin was charged and convicted in 1990 for the rape and murder of 8-year-old Susan Kay Nason on September 22, 1969, based on the account of his daughter, Eileen Franklin's recovered memories.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Loftus |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Ketcham |first2=Katherine |date=April 1995 |title=Truth or invention: exploring the repressed memory syndrome; excerpt from 'The Myth of Repressed Memory' |url=https://staff.washington.edu/eloftus/Articles/Cosmo.html |website=University of Washington}}</ref> Originally sentenced to [[life imprisonment]], a district court judge overturned the conviction in 1995 based on several trial errors including the unreliability of hypnosis that was used. Eileen Franklin would further accuse her father of raping and murdering 18-year-old Veronica Cascio and 17-year-old Paula Baxter. George Franklin was released in July 1996 after prosecutors announced they would not retry him, and in 2018, the DNA evidence linked Rodney Lynn Halbower to the Cascio and Baxter murders.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2012 |title=George Franklin |url=https://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/casedetail.aspx?caseid=3221 |website=The National Registry of Exonerations}}</ref> He was convicted of both murders and sentenced to life in prison. In 1991, [[People (magazine)|People magazine]] featured [[Marilyn Van Derbur]] and [[Roseanne Barr|Roseanne Barr's]] experiences with childhood abuse and repressed memory.<ref name=":1" /> Van Derbur's oldest sister Gwen verified her account,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Katy |date=February 5, 1995 |title=Did Daddy Really Do It? :... |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-02-05-bk-28121-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> though Barr would later moderate her claims.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Furdyk |first=Brent |date=July 27, 2018 |title=Roseanne Barr Walks Back Story About Incest Claims, Tells Sean Hannity Abuse Was Only Psychological |url=https://etcanada.com/news/351992/roseanne-barr-walks-back-story-about-incest-claims-tells-sean-hannity-abuse-was-only-psychological/ |website=ET Canada |access-date=April 24, 2023 |archive-date=April 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424071732/https://etcanada.com/news/351992/roseanne-barr-walks-back-story-about-incest-claims-tells-sean-hannity-abuse-was-only-psychological/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Such cases and reactions led to the definition of [[false memory syndrome]] and establishment of the [[False Memory Syndrome Foundation]] in 1992.<ref name=":3" /> The [[Ramona false memory case]] in 1994 was another landmark case, where father Gary Ramona successfully sued for malpractice against Western Medical Center in [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]], its chief of psychiatry Richard Rose, and therapist Marche Isabella, for implanting false memories of child abuse while treating his daughter Holly for [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and [[Bulimia nervosa|bulimia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=L. La Ganga |first=Maria |date=May 14, 1994 |title=Father Wins Suit in 'False Memory' Case |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-05-14-mn-57614-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> It was also notable for being brought by a third party not involved in the [[Doctor-patient encounter|doctor-patient relationship]] and contributed to continued evaluation of the phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayres Jr. |first=B. Drummond |date=May 14, 1994 |title=Father Who Fought 'Memory Therapy' Wins Damage Suit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/14/us/father-who-fought-memory-therapy-wins-damage-suit.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Skepticism and criticism of repressed memory continued to mount through the 1990s, 2000s, and beyond, emphasizing unreliability, false claims, and lack of examples in historical records.<ref name="abc" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Laframboise |first=Donna |date=Sep 19, 2000 |title='Recovered memory' tide is turning |url=https://sites.ualberta.ca/~fchriste/LawsuitDocA/Article-DL%20on%20sex%20abuse%20hysteria.htm |website=University of Alberta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pettus |first=Ashley |date=January–February 2008 |title=Repressed Memory |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2008/01/repressed-memory.html |website=Harvard Magazine}}</ref><ref name=":2" />