Editing Research and Analysis Wing (section)

==History==
===Background (1923–69)===
Prior to the inception of the Research and Analysis Wing, overseas intelligence collection was primarily the responsibility of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB), which was created by the Government of India during [[British Raj]]. In 1933, sensing the political turmoil in the world which eventually led to the [[Second World War]], the Intelligence Bureau's responsibilities were increased to include the collection of [[intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]] along India's borders.

In 1947, after [[History of India#Indian independence movement (1885–1947)|independence]], Sanjeevi Pillai took over as the first Indian Director of the IB. Having been depleted of trained manpower by the exit of the British after [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]], Pillai tried to run the bureau on [[MI5]] lines. In 1949, Pillai organised a small foreign intelligence operation, but the Indian debacle in the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962 showed it to be ineffective. Foreign intelligence failure during the 1962 Sino-Indian War led then-Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to order a dedicated foreign intelligence agency to be established.<ref name="FAsummary"/> After the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]], the Chief of Army Staff, General [[Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri]], also called for more intelligence-gathering.<ref name="FAsummary"/><ref name="Federation of American Scientists"/> Around the end of 1966 the concept of a separate foreign intelligence agency began to take concrete shape.

===Formation of R&AW in 1968 to present===
[[File:Indian intelligence setup.gif|thumb|299x299px|The framework of Indian intelligence]]

The [[premiership of Indira Gandhi|Indira Gandhi administration]] decided that a full-fledged second security service was needed. [[R. N. Kao]], then a deputy director of the Intelligence Bureau, submitted a blueprint for the new agency.<ref name="SunilSaini_RNKao">{{Cite news|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-5/sainis.html |title=Obituary:Rameshwar Nath Kao (1918–2002) |last=Sainis |first=Sunil |date=March–April 2002 |work=Volume 4(5) |publisher=Bharat Rakshak Monitor |access-date=28 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520170101/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-5/sainis.html |archive-date=20 May 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> Kao was appointed as the chief of India's first foreign intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing.<ref name="ijic">{{Cite journal |title= Unraveling India's Foreign Intelligence: The Origins and Evolution of the Research and Analysis Wing |last= Shaffer |first= Ryan |year= 2015 |volume= 28 |issue= 2 |journal= International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence |doi= 10.1080/08850607.2015.992754 |pages= 252–289 |s2cid= 154372472 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>{{rp|259}} The R&AW was given the responsibility for strategic external intelligence, human as well as technical, plus concurrent responsibility with the [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Directorate-General of Military Intelligence]] for tactical trans-border military intelligence up to a certain depth across the [[Line of control]] (LOC) and the [[India–Pakistan border|international border]].<ref name="FAsummary"/>

From its inception R&AW has been criticised for being an agency not answerable to the people of India (R&AW reports to Prime Minister only). Fears arose that it could turn into the [[KGB]] of India. Such fears were kept at bay by the R&AW's able leadership (although detractors of R&AW and especially the [[Janata Party]] have accused the agency of letting itself be used for terrorising and intimidating opposition during [[The Emergency (India)|the 1975–1977 Emergency]]). The main controversy which has plagued R&AW in recent years is over bureaucratisation of the system with allegations about favouritism in promotions, corruption, ego clashes, no financial accountability,<ref name="outlookindia.com"/> inter-departmental rivalry, etc.<ref>{{cite web |last=Watch |first=Naxal |url=http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/02/special-report-new-era-new-hope-at.html |title=IntelliBriefs: Special report: New Era, New Hope at India's Intelligence Agency |publisher=Intellibriefs.blogspot.com |date=15 February 2009 |access-date=4 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205090738/http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/02/special-report-new-era-new-hope-at.html |archive-date=5 February 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>C K Kutty. [http://us.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/02spec3.htm A RAW Hand] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315153842/http://us.rediff.com/news/2005/feb/02spec3.htm |date=15 March 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2009/feb/02can-new-chief-turn-raw-around.htm |title=Can its new chief turn R&AW around?: Rediff.com news |work=Rediff.com |access-date=28 September 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518102120/http://in.rediff.com/news/2009/feb/02can-new-chief-turn-raw-around.htm |archive-date=18 May 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=Ws120911unintelligence.asp |title=India's Independent Weekly News Magazine |work=Tehelka |access-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175215/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=Ws120911unintelligence.asp |archive-date=14 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Noted security analyst and former [[Additional Secretary to Government of India|Additional Secretary]] B. Raman has criticised the agency for its asymmetric growth; "while being strong in its capability for covert action it is weak in its capability for intelligence collection, analysis and assessment. Strong in low and medium-grade intelligence, weak in high-grade intelligence. Strong in [[TECHINT|technical intelligence]], weak in [[HUMINT|human intelligence]]. Strong in collation, weak in analysis. Strong in investigation, weak in prevention. Strong in crisis management, weak in crisis prevention."<ref>'The Kaoboys of RAW: Down Memory Lane', B. Raman, Lancer Publishers (2007), {{ISBN|0-9796174-3-X}}</ref>

R&AW started as a wing of the main Intelligence Bureau with 250 employees and an annual budget of {{Indian Rupee}}2 [[crore]]. In the early seventies, its annual budget had risen to {{Indian Rupee}}30 crore while its personnel numbered several thousand. In 2007, the budget of R&AW is speculated to be as high as {{USD}}150&nbsp;million<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,501020506-234000,00.html India vs. Pakistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013112338/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C501020506-234000%2C00.html |date=13 October 2007 }}{{Retrieved|access-date=11 April 2007}}.</ref><ref name="Federation of American Scientists"/> to as low as {{USD}}100&nbsp;million.<ref name="brasseys_international_intelligence_yearbook_2003_edition">{{Cite book | last1 = Henderson | first1 = Robert W. | title = Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook: 2003 Edition (Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook (Paperback)) | publisher = Brassey's Inc | isbn = 978-1-57488-550-7 | page = 78 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NEp9FjHckLYC | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160108060646/https://books.google.com/books?id=NEp9FjHckLYC | archive-date = 8 January 2016 | df = dmy-all | year = 2003 }}</ref>

===Additional child agencies===
Slowly other child agencies such as the Radio Research Center and the [[Electronics and Technical Services]] (ETS) were added to R&AW in the 1970s and 1990s. In 1971, Kao had persuaded the Government to set up the [[Aviation Research Centre]] (ARC). The ARC's main purpose was [[aerial reconnaissance]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Intelligence-agencies-run-into-babu-bind/2013/04/28/article1564632.ece1|title=Intelligence agencies run into babu bind|last=Yadav|first=Yatish|date=28 April 2013|work=The Sunday Standard|access-date=21 May 2013|location=New Delhi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704132333/http://newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Intelligence-agencies-run-into-babu-bind/2013/04/28/article1564632.ece1|archive-date=4 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Kenneth J. Conboy|author2=James Morrison|title=The CIA's Secret War in Tibet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsDtAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=University Press of Kansas|isbn=978-0-7006-1159-1|pages=188–195}}</ref> It replaced the [[Indian Air Force]]'s old reconnaissance aircraft, and by the mid-1970s, R&AW, through the ARC, had high quality aerial pictures of the installations along the [[Line of Actual Control|Chinese]] and [[India–Pakistan border|Pakistani borders]].

In the 1970s, the [[Special Frontier Force]] (SFF) moved under R&AW from [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) and was tasked to [[Mukti Bahini|train Bengali rebels]].<ref name="ijic"/>{{rp|262}} In 1977, R&AW's operations and staff were dramatically cut under the [[premiership of Morarji Desai]], which hurt the organisation's capabilities<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 =  Shaffer| first1 = Ryan| title = Significant Distrust and Drastic Cuts: The Indian Government's Uneasy Relationship with Intelligence | doi = 10.1080/08850607.2017.1263529 | journal = International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence | volume = 30 | issue = 3 | pages = 522–531  | year = 2017 | s2cid = 157714194}}</ref> with the shutting of entire sections of R&AW, like its Information Division.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 =  Shaffer| first1 = Ryan| title = Indian intelligence revealed: an examination of operations, failures and transformations | doi = 10.1080/02684527.2017.1327135 | journal = Intelligence and National Security | volume = 32 | issue = 4| pages =  598–610| year = 2017 | s2cid = 157485301}}</ref> These cuts were reduced following Gandhi's return. In 2004, [[National Technical Research Organisation]] (NTRO) was setup by Government of India as a super-feeder agency for [[technical intelligence]].

While the exact nature of the operations conducted by NTRO is classified, it is believed that it deals with research on [[Image analysis|imagery]] and communications using various platforms.<ref name="FAsummary"/><ref name="Federation of American Scientists"/>
[[File:Research&analysisWING.jpg|thumb|Research and Analysis Wing headquarters at [[Lodi Road]], New Delhi]]