Editing Reserved powers (section)

== By country ==
=== Common law countries ===
The [[United Kingdom]] and countries whose legal system is [[Common law#Propagation of the common law to the colonies and Commonwealth by reception statutes|based on common law]], such as [[Canada]], [[India]], [[Israel]], and [[Ireland]], have similar legal frameworks of reserved powers.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/docs/speech-151008.pdf|title=The UK Supreme Court in the United Kingdom Constitution|author=[[Brenda Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond|Brenda Hale]]|date=October 8, 2015}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=November 2023|only discusses UK}}

==== Australia ====
In Australia, despite the centralized nature of the constitution, the High Court adopted the "[[reserved powers doctrine]]" which was used until 1920 to preserve as much autonomy for the states as can be interpreted from the constitution. This practice changed with the [[Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd|Engineers' Case]] which led reserved powers to be given to the Commonwealth.<ref name="Aroney 2008">{{cite journal|last=Aroney |first=N |title=Constitutional Choices in the Work Choices Case, or What Exactly Is Wrong with the Reserved Powers Doctrine? |journal=Melbourne University Law Review |year=2008 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbULawRw/2008/1.html}} (2008) 32 [[Melbourne University Law Review]] 1.</ref>

==== Canada ====
In Canada the reserved powers lie with the federal government.<ref name="nerenberg">[https://us.nicebooks.com/book/6345053 Handbook of Federal Countries, 2002: A project of the Forum of Federations] (Paperback, 528 pages), by Karl Nerenberg, Ann L. Griffiths, Debbie Courtois, Mar 24, 2003, McGill-Queen's University Press. {{ISBN|9780773525115}} - Page 8, in Introduction, by John Kincaid.</ref>

=== United States ===
In the [[United States]], the [[Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Tenth Amendment]] of the Constitution states that the powers not granted to the [[federal government of the United States|federal government]] are reserved to the states, unless prohibited to the states.<ref name="nerenberg" /><ref name="uslegal">{{citation|url=https://definitions.uslegal.com/r/reserved-power/|title=Reserved Power Law and Legal Definition|publisher=US Legal, Inc.|accessdate=August 8, 2018}}</ref> This amendment does not refer to powers “explicitly” or “expressly” granted to the federal government, and therefore the federal government possesses many [[implied powers]] that are not reserved to the states.<ref>Frank, Walter.  ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kXsZD1BwE74C&pg=PA33 Making Sense of the Constitution: A Primer on the Supreme Court and Its Struggle to Apply Our Fundamental Law]'', p. 33 ([[Southern Illinois University Press]], 2012).</ref>

After [[World War II]], the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] often ruled against parties challenging the powers of [[United States Congress|Congress]] per the Tenth Amendment, with exceptions during the [[Rehnquist Court]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=McAffee|first=Thomas B.|title=Powers reserved for the people and the states : a history of the Ninth and Tenth Amendments|date=2006|publisher=Praeger Publishers|others=Bybee, Jay S., Bryant, A. Christopher.|isbn=0-313-31372-5|location=Westport, Conn.|pages=177|oclc=69992386}}</ref> The Supreme Court continues to occasionally decide cases striking down federal laws that exceed both the explicit and implied powers of Congress, as in ''[[Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association]]'' (2018).

In the United States, many powers that are not reserved to the states are [[exclusive federal powers]], and thus states are forbidden to exercise them.  Alternatively, powers that are not reserved to the states may be [[concurrent powers]] that both the states and federal government can exercise at the same time (such as the power to enact taxes to raise revenue).<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MLhxnmmtivwC&pg=PA31 The Complete Idiot's Guide to U.S. Government and Politics]'', p. 31 (Penguin 2009).</ref>