Editing Restriction modification system (section)

==History==
The RM system was first discovered by [[Salvatore Luria]] and [[Mary Human]] in 1952 and 1953.<ref name="pmid12999684">{{cite journal |vauthors=Luria SE, Human ML |title=A nonhereditary, host-induced variation of bacterial viruses |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=557–69 |year=1952 |pmid=12999684 |pmc=169391 |doi= 10.1128/JB.64.4.557-569.1952}}</ref><ref name="pmid13168990">{{cite journal |vauthors=Luria SE |title=Host-induced modifications of viruses |journal=Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. |volume=18 |pages=237–44 |year=1953 |pmid=13168990 |doi= 10.1101/sqb.1953.018.01.034}}</ref> They found that a [[bacteriophage]] growing within an infected bacterium could be modified, so that upon their release and re-infection of a related bacterium the bacteriophage's growth is restricted (inhibited; also described by Luria in his autobiography on pages 45 and 99 in 1984).<ref name=Luria>Salvator E Luria. A Slot Machine, A Broken Test Tube: An Autobiography. Harper & Row, New York: 1984. Pp. 228. {{ISBN|0-06-015260-5}} (USA and Canada)</ref>  In 1953, [[Jean Weigle]] and [[Giuseppe Bertani]] reported similar examples of host-controlled modification using different bacteriophage system.<ref name="pmid13034700">{{cite journal |vauthors=BERTANI G, WEIGLE JJ |title=Host controlled variation in bacterial viruses |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=113–21 |year=1953 |pmid=13034700 |pmc=169650 |doi= 10.1128/JB.65.2.113-121.1953}}</ref> Later work by [[Daisy Roulland-Dussoix]] and [[Werner Arber]] in 1962<ref name="pmid13888713">{{cite journal |vauthors=DUSSOIX D, ARBER W |title=Host specificity of DNA produced by Escherichia coli. II. Control over acceptance of DNA from infecting phage lambda |journal=J. Mol. Biol. |volume=5 |pages=37–49 |year=1962 |pmid=13888713 |doi= 10.1016/S0022-2836(62)80059-X}}</ref> and many other subsequent workers led to the understanding that restriction was due to attack and breakdown of the modified bacteriophage's DNA by specific enzymes of the recipient bacteria. Further work by [[Hamilton O. Smith]] isolated [[HindII|''Hin''DII]], the first of the class of enzymes now known as [[restriction enzyme]]s, while [[Daniel Nathans]] showed that it can be used for [[restriction mapping]].<ref name="pmid166604">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nathans D, Smith HO |title=Restriction endonucleases in the analysis and restructuring of dna molecules |journal=Annu. Rev. Biochem. |volume=44 |pages=273–93 |year=1975 |pmid=166604 |doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.44.070175.001421 }}</ref>  When these enzymes were isolated in the laboratory they could be used for controlled manipulation of DNA, thus providing the foundation for the development of [[genetic engineering]].  Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, and Hamilton Smith were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978 for their work on restriction-modification.{{cn|date=October 2022}}