Editing Retrograde signaling (section)

==In cell biology==
Retrograde signals are transmitted from [[plastid]]s to the nucleus in plants and [[Eukaryote|eukaryotic]] algae,<ref name="Lagarias2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Duanmu D, Casero D, Dent RM, Gallaher S, Yang W, Rockwell NC, Martin SS, Pellegrini M, Niyogi KK, Merchant SS, Grossman AR, Lagarias JC | display-authors = 6 | title = Retrograde bilin signaling enables Chlamydomonas greening and phototrophic survival | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 110 | issue = 9 | pages = 3621–6 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23345435 | pmc = 3587268 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1222375110 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2013PNAS..110.3621D }}</ref><ref name="Nott_2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nott A, Jung HS, Koussevitzky S, Chory J | title = Plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling | journal = Annual Review of Plant Biology | volume = 57 | pages = 739–59 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16669780 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105310 }}</ref> and from mitochondria to the nucleus in most eukaryotes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu Z, Butow RA | title = Mitochondrial retrograde signaling | journal = Annual Review of Genetics | volume = 40 | pages = 159–85 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 16771627 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.genet.40.110405.090613 }}</ref> Retrograde signals are generally considered to convey intracellular signals related to stress and environmental sensing.<ref name="pmid16669780">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nott A, Jung HS, Koussevitzky S, Chory J | title = Plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling | journal = Annual Review of Plant Biology | volume = 57 | pages = 739–59 | date = 2006 | pmid = 16669780 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105310 }}</ref> Many of the molecules associated with retrograde signaling act on modifying the [[Transcription (biology)|transcription]] or by directly binding and acting as a [[transcription factor]]. The outcomes of these signaling pathways vary by [[organism]] and by stimuli or stress.<ref name="Lagarias2013" />