Editing Rhotic consonant (section)

==Types==
The most typical rhotic sounds found in the world's languages are the following:<ref name="ladefoged1996sounds">{{Cite book |last1=Ladefoged |first1=Peter |title=The Sounds of the World's Languages |last2=Ian Maddieson |date=1996 |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=0-631-19814-8 |location=Oxford |pages=215–245 |chapter=Rhotics |author-link=Peter Ladefoged |author-link2=Ian Maddieson}}</ref>

* '''[[trill consonant|Trill]]''' (popularly known as '''rolled r'''): The airstream is interrupted several times as one of the organs of speech (usually the tip of the tongue or the [[uvula]]) vibrates, closing and opening the air passage. If a trill is made with the tip of the tongue against the upper gum, it is called an '''apical''' (tongue-tip) '''[[alveolar trill]]'''; the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] symbol for this sound is {{IPA|[r]}}.  Most non-alveolar trills, such as the [[bilabial trill|bilabial one]], however, are not considered rhotic.
**Many languages, such as [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], [[Frisian languages|Frisian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and most [[Occitan language|Occitan variants]], use trilled rhotics. In the [[English language|English]]-speaking world, the stereotyped [[Scottish English|Scottish]] rolled {{IPA|[r]}} is well known.  The "stage pronunciation" of [[German language|German]] specifies the alveolar trill for clarity. Rare kinds of trills include [[Czech language|Czech]] {{angle bracket|ř}} {{IPA|[r̝]}} ('''[[Dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar fricative trill|fricative trill]]''') and [[Welsh phonology|Welsh]] {{angle bracket|rh}} {{IPA|[r̥]}} ('''[[Voiceless alveolar trill|voiceless trill]]''').
**The '''[[uvular trill]]''' is another kind of rhotic trill; see below for more. 
*'''[[Tap and flap consonants|Tap ''or'' flap]]''' (these terms describe very similar articulations): Similar to a trill, but involving just one brief interruption of airflow. In many languages flaps are used as reduced variants of trills, especially in fast speech. However, in Spanish, for example, flaps and trills contrast, as in ''pero'' {{IPA|/ˈpeɾo/}} ("but") versus ''perro'' {{IPA|/ˈpero/}} ("dog"). Also flaps are used as basic rhotics in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[Korean language|Korean]] languages. In [[Australian English]] and most [[American English|American]] dialects of English, taps do not function as rhotics but are realizations of intervocalic apical stops ({{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}}, as in ''butter'' and ''cider''). The IPA symbol for these sounds is {{IPA|[ɾ]}} (or substandard {{IPA|[ᴅ]}} for the tap, contrasted with the flap {{IPA|[ɾ]}}).
* '''[[alveolar approximant|Alveolar]]''' or '''[[retroflex approximant]]''' (as in most accents of English—with minute differences): The front part of the tongue approaches the upper gum, or the tongue-tip is curled back towards the roof of the mouth ("retroflexion"). No or little friction can be heard, and there is no momentary closure of the vocal tract. The IPA symbol for the alveolar approximant is {{IPA|[ɹ]}} and the symbol for the retroflex approximant is {{IPA|[ɻ]}}. There is a distinction between an ''unrounded retroflex approximant'' and a ''rounded'' variety that probably could have been found in [[Old English language|Anglo-Saxon]] and even to this day in some{{Which|date=June 2011}} dialects of English, where the orthographic key is ''r'' for the unrounded version and usually ''wr'' for the rounded version (these dialects will make a differentiation between ''right'' and ''write'').{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Also used as a rhotic in some dialects of Armenian, Dutch, German, Brazilian Portuguese (depending on [[phonotactics]]).
* '''[[uvular consonant|Uvular]]''' (popularly called '''[[guttural R|guttural r]]'''): The back of the tongue approaches the soft palate or the uvula. The standard Rs in [[Portuguese language|European Portuguese]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Danish language|Danish]], and [[Modern Hebrew]]<ref name="Zuckermann">{{Cite book |last=Zuckermann |first=Ghil'ad |title=Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew |title-link=Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-1403917232 |author-link=Ghil'ad Zuckermann}}</ref>{{rp|261}} are variants of this rhotic. If fricative, the sound is often impressionistically described as harsh or grating. This includes the [[voiced uvular fricative]], [[voiceless uvular fricative]], and [[uvular trill]]. In northern England, there were accents that once employed a uvular R, which was called the "[[Northumbrian burr]]".
* '''developmental non-rhotic Rs''': Many non-rhotic British speakers have a [[R-labialization|labialization]] to {{IPAblink|ʋ}} of their Rs, which is between idiosyncratic and dialectal (southern and southwestern England), and since it includes some [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] speakers, somewhat prestigious.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} Apart from English, in all [[Brazilian Portuguese]] dialects the {{angle bracket|rr}} phoneme, or {{IPA|/ʁ/}}, may be actually realized as other, traditionally non-rhotic, [[fricative consonant|fricative]]s<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Barbosa|Albano|2004|pp=5–6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portugueselanguageguide.com/portuguese/pronunciation/consonants.asp |title=Portuguese Consonants |publisher=Portugueselanguageguide.com }}</ref> (and most often is so), unless it occurs single between vowels, being so realized as a dental, alveolar, postalveolar or [[retroflex flap]]. In the syllable coda, it varies individually as a fricative, a flap or an approximant, though fricatives are ubiquitous in the [[North Region, Brazil|Northern]] and [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeastern]] regions and all states of [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeastern Brazil]] but [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] and surrounding areas. The total inventory of {{IPA|/ʁ/}} allophones is rather long, or up to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|r}} {{IPAplink|ʂ|ɻ̝̊}} {{IPAplink|ʐ|ɻ̝}}}} ([[Caipira dialect|Caipira]] speakers with {{IPAplink|ɽ}} and Eastern speakers, under influence of [[Andean Spanish]]) {{IPA|{{IPAplink|ç}} {{IPAplink|ʝ}}(<[rʲ]) {{IPAplink|x}} {{IPAplink|ɣ}} {{IPAplink|χ}} {{IPAplink|ʁ}}~{{IPAplink|ʀ}} {{IPAplink|ħ}} {{IPAplink|ʕ}} {{IPAplink|h}} {{IPAplink|ɦ}}]}}, the latter eight being particularly common, while none of them except archaic {{IPAblink|r}}, that contrasts with the flap in all positions, may occur alone in a given dialect.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} Few dialects, such as [[South Region, Brazil|''sulista'']] and [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|''fluminense'']], give preference to voiced allophones; elsewhere, they are common only as coda, before voiced consonants. Additionally, some other languages and variants, such as [[Haitian Creole]] and Timorese Portuguese, use velar and glottal fricatives instead of traditional rhotics, too. In [[Vietnamese phonology|Vietnamese]], depending on dialect, the rhotic can occur as {{IPA|[z]}}, {{IPA|[ʐ]}} or {{IPA|[ɹ]}}. In [[Standard Chinese phonology|modern Mandarin Chinese]], the phoneme {{IPA|/ɻ~ʐ/}}, which is represented as {{angle bracket|r}} in [[Hanyu Pinyin]], resembles the rhotics in other languages in realization, thus it can be considered a rhotic consonant.

Furthermore, there is also a non-syllabic open vowel {{IPA|[ɐ̯]}} (conventional transcription, the exact quality varies) that patterns as {{IPA|/r/}} in some Germanic languages such as German, Danish and [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]. It occurs only in the syllable coda.