Editing Ribbon development (section)

==History==
Following the [[Industrial Revolution]], ribbon development became prevalent along [[railway]] lines, predominantly in [[Russia]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]]. The deliberate promotion of [[Metro-land]]<ref>[http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~gsgleaves/london7.htm MetroLand] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401220840/http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~gsgleaves/london7.htm |date=2012-04-01 }}. Easyweb.easynet.co.uk (1933-07-01). Retrieved on 2010-11-11.</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715092118/http://www.planninginlondon.com/assets/PiL70%20assets/robson%20proof.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-15|url=http://www.planninginlondon.com/assets/PiL70%20assets/robson%20proof.pdf|title=Outer London and London beyond London – Drummond Robson makes the case for planning for town and country.}}</ref> along London's [[Metropolitan Railway]] serves as a strong example of this form of development. Similar examples can be found from [[Long Island]] (where Frederick W Dunton bought much real estate to encourage [[New York City|New York]]ers to settle along the [[Long Island Rail Road]] lines),<ref>[http://www.dunton.org/archive/LongIslandRailroad.htm Long Island Railroad History Page – The Dunton Archive]. Dunton.org. Retrieved on 2010-11-11.</ref> [[Boston]]<ref>[http://www.santafe.edu/~mgastner/publications/thesis_compr.pdf]{{dead link|date=November 2010}}</ref>  and across the [[American Midwest]].<ref>[http://collections.carli.illinois.edu/cdm4/index_knx_rail.php?CISOROOT=/knx_rail Railroads in the Midwest: Early Documents and Images (Knox College) : Home]. Collections.carli.illinois.edu (1920-07-02). Retrieved on 2010-11-11.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2536601342.html|title=The Railroads: Expansion and Economic Transformation in the Midwest – Dictionary definition of The Railroads: Expansion and Economic Transformation in the Midwest |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>[http://didattica.uniroma2.it/assets/uploads/corsi/38824/Dispense_Lett_Angloam_II-III_mod_A_(2010-11).pdf Westward Expansion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518144902/https://didattica.uniroma2.it/assets/uploads/corsi/38824/Dispense_Lett_Angloam_II-III_mod_A_(2010-11).pdf |date=2021-05-18 }}. Americanwest.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-11.</ref>

Ribbon development is not restricted to construction along road or rail corridors, as it can also occur along [[ridge]] lines, [[canal]]s and [[coastline]]s, the last of which occurs especially as people seeking [[seachange (demography)|seachange]] lifestyles build their houses for an optimal view.

The resulting towns and cities are often difficult to service efficiently due to their remoteness and lack of density. Often, the first problem noticed by residents is increased [[traffic congestion]], as an increased number of people moves along the narrow urban corridor while development continues at the lengthening end of the corridor. [[Urban consolidation]] and [[smart city]] growth are often solutions that encourage growth towards a more compact urban form.

Ribbon development can also be compared with a [[linear village]] – a village that grows linearly along a transportation route as part of a city's expansion into the frontier. They also lead to dispersion of functions, as the need for pockets of dense development that rely on each other becomes less important.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Berry|first=Brian|date=June 1959|title=Ribbon Developments in the Urban Business Pattern|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2561524.pdf|journal= Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=49|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1959.tb01605.x|jstor=2561524}}</ref>

Ribbon development has long been viewed as a special problem in the [[Republic of Ireland]], where "[[One-off housing|one-off houses]]" proliferate on rural roads.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_I5_zN9Uqa8C&q=ribbon+development+ireland&pg=PA97|title=Ireland Unbound: A Turn of the Century Chronicle|first1=Michel|last1=Peillon|first2=Mary P.|last2=Corcoran|date=7 March 2018|publisher=Institute of Public Administration|via=Google Books|isbn=9781902448695}}</ref> This causes difficulties in the efficient supply of water, [[sewerage]], [[broadband]], electricity, telephones and [[public transport]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc-d1qxTg9AC&q=ribbon+development+ireland&pg=PA238|title=Ireland|first=Catharina|last=Day|date= 2018|publisher=New Holland Publishers|via=Google Books|isbn=9781860113277}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/fingalindependent/news/housing-limit-to-prevent-ribbon-development-on-rural-roadsides-27805632.html|title=Housing limit to prevent 'ribbon development' on rural roadsides|website=Independent.ie|date=20 October 2010 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> In 1998, Frank McDonald contrasted development in the Republic with that in [[Northern Ireland]]: ''"[[Enniskillen]] [''in Northern Ireland''] is well defined with clear boundaries to the town and well-laid-out shopping streets. [[Letterkenny]], [''in the Republic''] by contrast, appears as just one long street with bungalow development trailing off over all the surrounding hills."''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ribbon-development-in-rural-housing-criticised-1.200147|title=Ribbon development in rural housing criticised|last=O'Brien|first=Tim|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> The houses (ofter disparaged as "[[McMansion]]s") are also criticised for spoiling countryside scenery: [[Monaghan County Council]] in 2013 declared that "The Council will resist development that would create or extend ribbon development."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://monaghan.ie/planning/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2016/12/RibbonDevelopmentDec2015.pdf|title=Ribbon Development, Exempt. Development and Other Issues|last=Gourley|first=Toirleach|date=2015-12-03|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irishspatialstrategy.ie/Rural%20Planning%20Guidelines%2013505.pdf|title=Sustainable Rural Housing. Guidelines for Planning Authorities.|date=2005-04-01|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> [[Tipperary County Council]] and many other councils have adopted similar policies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tipperarycoco.ie/sites/default/files/Chapter%205%20Housing.pdf|title=North Tipperary County Development Plan 2010–2016, Chapter 5 Housing |access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>

Recently, in places such as Flanders, Belgium, regional [[zoning]] policy has resulted in ribbon development patterns. Various spatial policies embedded in these plans help predict where ribbon developments may occur and at what rate.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Verbeek|first=Thomas|date=August 2014|title=Presence and trends of linear sprawl: Explaining ribbon development in the north of Belgium|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262527018|journal=Landscape and Urban Planning|volume=128|pages=48–59|doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.04.022|bibcode=2014LUrbP.128...48V |via=}}</ref>