Editing Ring binder (section)

==History==
American [[Henry Tillinghast Sisson]] invented a "new and useful improvement in portfolios and paper files" he called a "temporary binder." It used a spring inside a tube to hold papers securely. He received [https://patents.google.com/patent/US23506 patent no. 23506] on April 5, 1859. 

German [[Friedrich Soennecken]] invented ring binders in 1886 in [[Bonn]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2017 |title=1900 - Der Aktenordner |url=https://oe1.orf.at/artikel/316592/1900-Der-Aktenordner |website=oe1.orf.at |language=de}}</ref><ref name=Forbes2017>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Kiona N. |date=14 November 2017 |title=Today's Google Doodle Celebrates The Invention Of The Hole Punch |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kionasmith/2017/11/14/todays-google-doodle-celebrates-the-invention-of-the-hole-punch/ |website=Forbes}}</ref> He also registered a patent on 14 November 1886 for his ''Papierlocher für Sammelmappen'' ("paper punch for binders", or [[hole punch]]).<ref name=Forbes2017 /> German [[Louis Leitz]], founder of [[Esselte Leitz GmbH & Co KG|Leitz]], later made some important changes to the development of ring binders in [[Stuttgart]].<ref name=DieZeit2021>{{Cite news |date=2 May 2021 |title=175. Geburtstag: Als Louis Leitz den Aktenordner erfand |url=https://www.zeit.de/news/2021-05/02/als-louis-leitz-den-aktenordner-erfand |work=Die Zeit |language=de}}</ref> Leitz created the lever arch file, a standing binder with a riveted lever arch mechanism (the lever can be easily opened, closed and locked) and space-saving slots into the cover, thereby introducing the modern ring binder.<ref name=DieZeit2021 /><ref>{{Cite web |last=de Wall |first=Hans-Joachim |title=Leitz, Louis |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd136617735.html |website=Neue Deutsche Biographie |language=de}}</ref>

Another design for ring binders was invented in 1889 by Andreas Tengwall in [[Helsingborg]], [[Sweden]], and patented in 1890 under the name "Trio binder", named after a business consortium of Tengwall and two associates. Tengwall's design uses four rings, in two paired sets. The hole placement of Tengwall's trio binder is still used as a [[de facto standard]] for hole punching in Sweden under the name ''triohålning''. These holes are {{convert|21|mm|in}}, {{convert|70|mm|in}}, and {{convert|21|mm|in}} apart.

William P. Pitt obtained [https://patents.google.com/patent/US778070 patent no. 778070] on December 20, 1904 for a 3-ring binder that became a standard in the United States. The North American de facto standard spacing is {{convert|4.25|in|mm}} between holes.