Editing Rodez (section)

==Geography==

===Location===
Located in the south of France, in the heart of the triangle formed by Toulouse, [[Clermont-Ferrand]] and [[Montpellier]], in the western foothills of the [[Massif Central]], the Rodez landscape is situated between the valleys and high plateaus of {{Interlanguage link multi|Grands Causses|fr}} and the moist hills of [[Ségala (Midi-Pyrénees)|Ségala]]. It extends into {{Interlanguage link multi|Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Rodez|fr|3=Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Rodez|lt=Grand Rodez}}, with the communes of [[Onet-le-Château]], [[Sainte-Radegonde, Aveyron|Sainte-Radegonde]], [[Le Monastère]], [[Olemps]] and [[Luc-la-Primaube]], which forms an agglomeration of 83,000 habitants<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/midi-pyrenees/actualites/act_presse/com_presse_6pages111.pdf|title=COMMUNIQUÉ DE PRESSE|access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> adjoining the city of Rodez.

{{Geographic location
|Centre=''Rodez''
|N = [[Sébazac-Concourès]]<br />[[Onet-le-Château]]
|NE = [[La Loubière]]
|E = [[Agen-d'Aveyron]]
|SE = [[Sainte-Radegonde, Aveyron|Sainte-Radegonde]]
|S = [[Le Monastère]]
|SW = [[Olemps]]<br />[[Luc-la-Primaube]]
|W = [[Druelle]]
|NW = [[Balsac, Aveyron|Balsac]]
}}

===Geology and landforms===
The territory of Rodez is packed with geological diversity. It straddles the ancient base of Ségala composed of acidic [[Silicon dioxide|siliceous]] soil of Les Rougiers consisting of red [[argillite]], and [[causses]] composed of [[limestone]]s and [[marl]]s. The city was built on a conical isolated terrain, locally called ''Le Piton'', and gradually spread to the surrounding slopes. It is located in a [[Seismology|seismicity]] level 2 zone which is a low level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planseisme.fr/Zonage-sismique-de-la-France.html|title=Zonage sismique de la France - Le Plan Séisme}}</ref>

===Hydrography===
The [[Aveyron (river)|Aveyron]] crosses the commune and is important for fishing. Green spaces are proposed for the {{Interlanguage link multi|Layoule|fr}} Quarter, and the {{Interlanguage link multi|Auterne|fr}} stream.

===Climate===
Rodez's climate, a supra-Mediterranean level, is a [[Mediterranean climate]] (''Csb''), and is colder compared to other cities in the [[Southern France|south of France]]. Winters are sharp and summers often very hot and sunny. During winter, Rodez has occasional snowfall due to its low altitude of {{convert|550|m}} in contrast to other towns in the north of the department closer to the higher Aubrac plateau.

In 2011, with nearly 2,400 hours or 304 days of sunshine per year, Rodez was ranked 2,407th of French cities in terms of sunshine, significantly above the national average.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.linternaute.com/voyage/climat/rodez/ville-12202|title=Classement villes ensoleillées en France - L'Internaute Actualité}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%" border="1"
|+ Comparison of weather conditions 
!City
!Sunshine (hrs/yr)
!Rain (mm/yr)
!Snow (days/yr)
!Storm (days/yr)
!Fog (days/yr)
|-style="background: #D1E8FF"
|Rodez<ref>{{cite web | url = http://france.meteofrance.com/france/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F66136001 | title = Prévisions météo de Météo France : Normales : Rodez | work = france.meteofrance.com/ | publisher = Météo France | access-date = 29 April 2015 | archive-date = 10 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201010111044/http://www.meteofrance.com/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.linternaute.com/ville/ville/climat/141/rodez.shtml| title = Climat de Rodez |work = linternaute.com| publisher = L'Internaute des Villes }}</ref>
|2300<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourisme-aveyron.com/fr/aveyron/pratique/climat_aveyron.php|title=Carte de l'ensoleillement en France|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403075643/http://www.tourisme-aveyron.com/fr/aveyron/pratique/climat_aveyron.php|archive-date=3 April 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|770
|11
|22
|22
|-
|National Average
|1973
|770
|14
|22
|40
|-
|Paris
|1661
|637
|12
|18
|10
|-
|Nice
|2724
|733
|1
|29
|1
|-
|Strasbourg
|1693
|665
|29
|29
|53
|-
|Brest
|1605
|1211
|7
|12
|75
|}

On average, Rodez experiences 66.3 days per year with a minimum temperature below {{convert|0|C|F|1}}, 1.9 days per year with a minimum temperature below {{convert|-10|C|F|1}}, 5 days per year with a maximum temperature below {{convert|0|C|F|1}}, and 16.4 days per year with a maximum temperature above {{convert|30|C|F|1}}. The record high temperature was {{convert|38.9|C|F|1}} on August 16, 1987 and June 27, 2019, while the record low temperature was {{convert|-25.2|C|F|1}} on January 16, 1985.<ref name = Meteociel/>

{{Weather box
|location = Rodez, France, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1972–present
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes

|Jan record high C = 18.9
|Feb record high C = 23.5
|Mar record high C = 25.0
|Apr record high C = 26.5
|May record high C = 33.1
|Jun record high C = 38.9
|Jul record high C = 38.8
|Aug record high C = 38.9
|Sep record high C = 34.4
|Oct record high C = 28.4
|Nov record high C = 25.8
|Dec record high C = 21.0

|Jan high C = 7.1
|Feb high C = 8.3
|Mar high C = 12.1
|Apr high C = 14.9
|May high C = 18.9
|Jun high C = 23.0
|Jul high C = 25.7
|Aug high C = 25.8
|Sep high C = 21.3
|Oct high C = 16.6
|Nov high C = 10.9
|Dec high C = 8.0
|year high C = 

|Jan mean C = 3.4
|Feb mean C = 3.9
|Mar mean C = 7.1
|Apr mean C = 9.7
|May mean C = 13.4
|Jun mean C = 17.2
|Jul mean C = 19.5
|Aug mean C = 19.6
|Sep mean C = 15.6
|Oct mean C = 12.1
|Nov mean C = 7.1
|Dec mean C = 4.3
|year mean C = 

|Jan low C = -0.2
|Feb low C = -0.5
|Mar low C = 2.1
|Apr low C = 4.5
|May low C = 8.0
|Jun low C = 11.4
|Jul low C = 13.4
|Aug low C = 13.4
|Sep low C = 9.9
|Oct low C = 7.5
|Nov low C = 3.2
|Dec low C = 0.5
|year low C = 

|Jan record low C = -25.2
|Feb record low C = -16.1
|Mar record low C = -14.5
|Apr record low C = -6.2
|May record low C = -2.7
|Jun record low C = 1.3
|Jul record low C = 3.0
|Aug record low C = 3.0
|Sep record low C = -2.0
|Oct record low C = -6.1
|Nov record low C = -11.5
|Dec record low C = -13.2

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 74.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 54.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 62.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 84.3
|May precipitation mm = 96.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 64.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 55.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 59.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 77.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 75.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 85.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 78.0
|year precipitation mm = 

|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 11.6
|Feb precipitation days = 9.2
|Mar precipitation days = 10.0
|Apr precipitation days = 10.5
|May precipitation days = 10.5
|Jun precipitation days = 7.8
|Jul precipitation days = 6.7
|Aug precipitation days = 7.6
|Sep precipitation days = 8.2
|Oct precipitation days = 9.6
|Nov precipitation days = 11.7
|Dec precipitation days = 11.4

|Jan sun = 84.7
|Feb sun = 124.9
|Mar sun = 171.5
|Apr sun = 192.7
|May sun = 218.9
|Jun sun = 255.8
|Jul sun = 282.2
|Aug sun = 273.8
|Sep sun = 218.2
|Oct sun = 164.7
|Nov sun = 103.8
|Dec sun = 102.0
|year sun = 

|source 1 = Meteociel<ref name = Meteociel>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.meteociel.fr/obs/clim/normales_records.php?code=12254001&normes=2020
|publisher = Meteociel.fr
|title = 1991–2020 Normals and Records – Station: Rodez&ndash;Aveyron (12)
|access-date = May 18, 2023
}}
</ref>
}}

Events based on the data of [[Météo-France]] at [[Millau]] Soulobres station, from 1965:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteofrance.com/FR/climat/tmd/12/zcdm24.gif|title=Données climatiques Météo-France sur le climat de l'Aveyron}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:60%;margin-left:20%;"
|-
| Lowest temperature
| {{convert|-17.5|°C}}
|-
| Coldest day
| 16 January 1985
|-
| Coldest year
| 1980
|-
| Highest temperature
| {{convert|37.5|°C}}
|-
| Hottest day
| 30 July 1983 and 16 August 1987
|-
| Warmest year
| 1997
|-
| Maximum rainfall in 24 hours
| {{convert|115|mm|in}}
|-
| Maximum snowfall in 24 hours
| {{convert|1.5|m}} 
|-
| Rainiest day
| 26 September 1992
|-
| Driest year
| 1967
|-
| Wettest year
| 1969
|}

On 28 January 2006, Rodez experienced an important snow episode. A metre of powdery snow accumulated, crippling the Let Piton economy for several days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://neige-rodez-12.over-blog.org/|title=le blog neige-rodez-12}}</ref>

===Transportation===
Rodez is a growing city and an important economic engine in the [[Midi-Pyrénées]] since the early 2000s. Its location on {{Interlanguage link multi|Route nationale 88 (France)|fr|3=Route nationale 88 (France)|lt=RN 88}}, the Toulouse-[[Lyon]] axis, is essential to its economic and tourist development and plays a vital role for Rodez, as it is a connection to regional cities such as Toulouse, [[Albi]] and [[Castres]], with which it is developing collaborations.

As of 2005, the Aveyron department continues to improve its regional connectivity. The Rodez ring road, which surrounds the agglomeration of {{Interlanguage link multi|Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Rodez|fr|3=Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Rodez|lt=Grand Rodez}} is gradually being converted to a [[dual carriageway]] urban boulevard and improving Rodez as a strategic location. Future plans (2018) call for the entire ring road to be a dual carriageway as part of the 2014-2018 plan. Three [[Grade separation|grade separated]] roundabouts are planned as part of the dualing urban boulevard project: Moutiers, La Gineste and Saint-Marc. A major bypass is also proposed but without a specific deadline.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2013/10/25/1738916-tous-les-elus-signent-pour-une-2-x-2-voies.html|title=Rocade de Rodez : tous les élus signent pour une 2&nbsp;×&nbsp;2 voies|access-date=30 April 2015}}</ref>

In 2009, the [[Rodez–Marcillac Airport|Rodez-Aveyron Airport]] expanded its terminal and introduction of new international scheduled destinations.

Local transportation options include car rentals and the local bus system (Agglobus). The city centre (centre ville), with its cobblestone streets lined with ancient buildings hundreds of years old, is pedestrian friendly.

====Routes====

=====Railway lines=====
[[Rodez station]] is at the crossing point of rail lines from {{Interlanguage link multi|Capdenac to Rodez line|fr|3=Ligne de Capdenac à Rodez|lt=Capdenac}} (to Paris), Albi along the {{Interlanguage link multi|Castelnaudary to Rodez line|fr|3=Ligne de Castelnaudary à Rodez}} (destined for Toulouse) and {{Interlanguage link multi|Sévérac-le-Château to Rodez line|fr|3=Ligne de Sévérac-le-Château à Rodez|lt=Sévérac-le-Château}} (destined for Millau). The rail network has undergone numerous restructurings, including the ''plan rail'' Midi-Pyrénées.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.midipyrenees.fr/Plan-Rail-Midi-Pyrenees-2008-2013|title=Plan-Rail-Midi-Pyrenees-2008-2013}}</ref> Between 2009 and 2013, replacement of rails, the rehabilitation of structures, replacement of information systems traffic operations on the Rodez-Toulouse and Rodez-Paris lines have resulted in network improvement. Additionally, the region was equipped with new [[Transport express régional|TER]] trains in 2013 that are faster and more comfortable.<ref>{{cite web|title=La Dépêche du 15 juin 2011|url=http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2011/06/15/1107035-le-chiffre-25.html}}</ref>

=====Main roads=====
Rodez is situated along {{Interlanguage link multi|Route nationale 88 (France)|fr|3=Route nationale 88 (France)|lt=RN88}} (route linking Toulouse to Lyon), transformed in the Rodez area into an urban boulevard [dual carriageways, many on and off sliproads, speed limited to between {{convert|70-110|km/h|abbr=on}}] to allow the flow of traffic totalling 35,000 vehicles per day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2011/07/14/1128070-rocade-teyssedre-fustige-la-demagogie-de-luche.html|title=La Dépêche of 14 July 2011}}</ref> {{Interlanguage link multi|Système informatisé de recueil de données|fr|3=Système informatisé de recueil de données|lt=Counting loops}} are buried to assess traffic for transcription by real-time traffic maps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enroute.sud-ouest.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/les-centres-d-ingenierie-et-de-r1031.html|title=Direction interdépartementale des Routes du Sud-Ouest (DIRSO) - Les Centres d'Ingénierie et de Gestion du Trafic}}</ref> The portion of this highway, declared a national priority in 1993 between Rodez and Albi, is currently in the process of restructuring with the doubling of the carriageways, after decades of studies and that since 18 October 2010, date of the official launch of this vast site.

A portion of the RN88 road between Rodez and [[Carmaux]] should be completely converted into a dual carriageway expressway and put into service in 2018, thus allowing a virtually seamless dual carriageway journey between Rodez and Toulouse<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2015/01/31/2040675-rodez-albi-six-minutes-de-moins-des-cet-ete.html|title=Article in La Dépêche on 31 January 2015}}</ref> (with the exception of the portion between Albi and Carmaux the route upgrading to motorway is envisaged but not programmed to date). Indeed, the [[A68 autoroute|A68]] has been in service between Albi and Toulouse for several years. As of 2018, the RN88 which is an extension of the A68 will then almost all be dual carriageway, thus reducing the time between Rodez and Toulouse. Note that this axis is one of the largest in the Midi-Pyrénées in terms of traffic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ortmidipyrenees.com/IMG/pdf/plaquette_trafics_juin_2010_ECRAN_cle071517-1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192605/http://www.ortmidipyrenees.com/IMG/pdf/plaquette_trafics_juin_2010_ECRAN_cle071517-1.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-01-02|title=Plaquette trafics Midi-Pyrénées}}</ref> As for the portion of the RN88 between Rodez and [[Sévérac-le-Château]], this last link is missing dual carriageway, studies are underway but work will not begin before 2020 due to lack of credits granted. At the end of this work, the entire journey will be converted into dual carriageway between Rodez and the principal cities around the Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centrepresseaveyron.fr/2013/11/21/rn88-entre-rodez-et-severac-la-cruelle-desillusion-pour-les-aveyronnais,924873.php|title=Article of Centre Presse Aveyron on 22 November 2014}}</ref>

Furthermore, the segment of the city between [[Espalion]] and Rodez underwent a restructuring with the diversion of Curlande commissioned in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.midilibre.fr/2011/11/11/jean-claude-luche-avec-curlande-trace-sa-route,415976.php|title=The ''Midi Libre'' on 11 November 2011}}</ref> A bypass project of the town of Espalion is ongoing since the beginning of this year towards the west of the Lot Valley and Aurillac. With the RN88 which is the most important artery of the agglomeration, Rodez is the focal point of several routes from its own department or bordering departments:

*The {{Interlanguage link multi|Route nationale 88 (France)|fr|3=Route nationale 88 (France)|lt=Route Nationale 88}} which provides access to Albi, [[Castres]], Montpellier, Toulouse to the south and Clermont-Ferrand, Lyon, [[Orléans]], [[Paris]] and also Millau, [[Sète]], [[Béziers]], [[Narbonne]] and [[Perpignan]] to the north. Rodez is located {{convert|50|km}} from the [[A75 autoroute|A75]]
*The {{Interlanguage link multi|Route nationale 140|fr|3=Route nationale 140|lt=Route departmental 840}} reaches the [[Rodez–Marcillac Airport|International Airport of Rodez-Aveyron]], [[Decazeville]] (then [[Aurillac]] by the {{Interlanguage link multi|Route nationale 663|fr|3=Route nationale 663|lt=RD963}} and the {{Interlanguage link multi|Route nationale 122|fr|3=Route nationale 122|lt=RN122}}), [[Figeac]], [[Brive-la-Gaillarde|Brive]] then the [[A20 autoroute|A20]] to [[Limoges]], [[Tours]], [[Orléans]] and Paris
*The {{Interlanguage link multi|Route nationale 594|fr|3=Route nationale 594|lt=Route departmental 994}} joins to [[Villefranche-de-Rouergue]], [[Cahors]], [[Villeneuve-sur-Lot]], then the autoroute to [[Bordeaux]].

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto"
! Place
! Distance
! Average travelling time<ref group="note">Google maps consulted 15 February 2013</ref>
|-
| [[Toulouse]]
| {{convert|150|km}}
| 1 hrs 50 mins (as of 2013)
(1 hrs 15 mins in January 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2011/10/27/1202086-favoriser-la-mobilite-des-aveyronnais.html|title=''La Dépêche'' of 27 October 2011}}</ref>
by dual carriageway)
|-
| [[Montpellier]]
| {{convert|173|km}}
| 2 hrs 00 mins
|-
|[[Perpignan]]
|{{convert|273|km}}
| 2 hrs 50 mins
|-
|[[Clermont-Ferrand]]
| {{convert|244|km}}
| 2 hrs 40 mins
|-
|[[Bordeaux]]
| {{convert|345|km}}
| 3 hrs 45 mins
|-
|[[Marseille]]
| {{convert|342|km}}
| 4 hrs 00 mins
|-
|[[Lyon]]
| {{convert|330|km}}
| 4 hrs 15 mins
|-
|[[Nice]]
|{{convert|497|km}}
|5 hrs 00 mins
|-
|Paris
|{{convert|661|km}}
|6 hrs 00 mins
|}

====Transport network====

=====Rail=====
{{main|Gare de Rodez}}

The railway station of Rodez, located on ''Avenue du Maréchal Joffre'', is the main station of Aveyron. There are daily trains to Paris and Toulouse, as well as other trains and buses connecting Rodez to smaller towns. It serves [[Gare d'Austerlitz|Paris-Austerlitz]] ([[Intercités]]), [[Gare de Toulouse-Matabiau|Toulouse-Matabiau]] ([[Transport express régional|TER]]), [[Gare de Brive-la-Gaillarde|Brive-la-Gaillarde]] (TER), Millau (TER and regional bus), Montpellier (bus with mandatory charging at Millau station) and other stations of the department and bordering departments. In addition, it is noted that many other large French cities can be reached by the connections in Toulouse and Brive. The lines and railway infrastructure have undergone important renovations with the complete change of the rails, the modernisation of technical systems and structures as well as the implementation of new systems of traffic management. In the next few years, the aim is for a time of 1 hour 45 minutes from Rodez to Toulouse and 4 hours 50 minutes from Rodez to Paris through the [[LGV Poitiers-Limoges]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lgvpoitierslimoges.com/|title=LGV Poitiers Limoges RFF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.midi-pyrenees.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/fiches_2010_aout_cle139a9b-1.pdf|title=Fiches Midi-Pyrénées 2010}}</ref>

In the past, the Rodez and Aveyron rail network was part of the company of the [[Chemins de fer du Midi]]. Formerly, there was a second station, that of "Paraire" below the current Lycée Foch, close to the city centre but closed in the 1970s. Today, there is no service there.

=====Road=====
Rodez is the central point of numerous bus routes coming from the department or bordering departments. Indeed, there are currently nearly 60 routes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aveyron.fr/lignes-regulieres-transport|title=Aveyron.fr}}</ref>

=====Air=====
[[Image:G-CGMB_Embraer_ERJ135ER_E135_EZE_(10839158045).jpg|thumb|right|[[Rodez–Marcillac Airport|Rodez-Aveyron]] has a daily connection to [[Orly Airport|Paris-Orly]] in 1 hour 25 minutes.]] 
{{main|Rodez–Marcillac Airport|l1=Rodez-Aveyron Airport}}

Rodez is served by the nearby [[Rodez Marcillac Airport]], located within the commune of [[Salles-la-Source]]. The international airport of Rodez-Aveyron is the third airport of the Occitanie region after [[Toulouse–Blagnac Airport|Toulouse]] and [[Tarbes–Lourdes–Pyrénées Airport|Tarbes]], and the main platform of the south of the Massif Central, with direct scheduled flights to:

* [[Orly Airport|Paris-Orly]] 
* [[Southampton Airport]]
* [[Dublin Airport|Dublin]]
* [[Brussels South Charleroi Airport|Bruxelles-Charleroi]]

=====Public transport=====
The city has had a longstanding [[public transport]] system, the {{Interlanguage link multi|tramway of Rodez|fr|3=Tramway de Rodez}} having circulated from 1902 to 1920. Nowadays, these journeys are made by [[bus]]es. Agglobus is the transit network serving the communes of the {{Interlanguage link multi|Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Rodez|fr}}, nearly 60,000 people, where a multiple purchase ticket shall not exceed €0.20. It allows service to the centre of Rodez from outside communes (and vice versa) before 8am with a time range for operation of the service between 7am (5am for some lines) and 8pm. These lines have scheduled timing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grand-rodez.com/fr/actualites/actualites.php#article527|title=grand-rodez.com}}</ref> This network is complemented by an evening service that operates Monday to Saturday, from 8pm to 11:30pm, by a transport service scheduled running Monday to Saturday with two round trips per day, and for persons with reduced mobility which works at the same times as the bus network. The Rodez topography makes it difficult to create special lanes for buses. As such, the Agglobus network is equipped with a system of prioritisation at traffic lights and also a geolocation for buses.

=====Postal transport=====
Rodez has had an operational sorting centre since July 2009. It receives about 400,000 letters every day and processes 14 per second. All of the letters posted from Rodez to a destination within the agglomeration and its own region are delivered the next morning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2009/12/07/731670-Onet-le-Chateau-La-Poste-se-modernise.html|title=Le Dépêche of 7 December 2009}}</ref> Courier services, international and domestic carriers are also present in Rodez. The city has three post offices<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fr.nomao.com/rodez/vie+pratique/administration,la+poste.html|title=La Poste Rodez - horaires, bureau de poste, téléphone et agence}}</ref> with its central office located in the city centre, at Place Foch, near the cathedral. Other branches are located in the suburbs as well as in the Bourran Quarter. In addition, other communes forming the urban agglomeration of the Grand Rodez also have their post offices, including the Aveyron sorting centre located in the commune of Onet-le-Château.