Editing Rodolphe Adada (section)

==Political career==
Adada, an ethnic [[Mbochi]], was born in [[Gamboma]], French Congo on 24 April 1946. He obtained a doctorate in mathematics from France in the early 1970s.<ref name="Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo2012">John F. Clark and Samuel Decalo, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oyMgIlcKuFkC&dq=rodolphe+adada+congo+dictionary+29&pg=PA29 Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo]'', Fourth Edition (9 August 2012), Scarecrow Press, pages 29&ndash;30.</ref> He was a mathematician by profession and elected to the Central Committee of the PCT in 1972. In January 1976, he became the head of the newly created scientific research department and member of the state council, with the rank of cabinet minister.<ref name="Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo2012" /> Under [[Joachim Yhombi-Opango]], he was appointed as Minister of Mines and Energy in the government named on 5 April 1977. He remained in the government under Sassou Nguesso, who took power in 1979. He remained in his post as Minister of Mines and Energy until 1984, when he was instead appointed as Minister of Mines and Oil. In the government named on 13 August 1989, he was moved to the position of Minister of Secondary and Higher Education, in charge of Scientific Research;<ref>Rémy Bazenguissa-Ganga, ''Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique'' (1997), pages 241, 264, 280, 296, and 425 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> he remained in that position until 1991.<ref>"Adada Rodolphe", ''Congo Brazzaville: Les Hommes de Pouvoir'', number 1, Africa Intelligence, 29 October 2002 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> With the fall of Sassou Nguesso regime, he went into exile in France in 1992 and returned in 1997.<ref name="Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo2012" />

After Sassou Nguesso returned to power in October 1997, he appointed Adada as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation on 2 November 1997.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KMOMAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Pierre+Oba+%22 ''Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social, and Cultural Series''] (1997), pages 12,887&ndash;12,888.</ref><ref>John F. Clark, ''The Failure of Democracy in the Republic of Congo'' (2008), Lynne Rienner Publishers, page 260.</ref> In the [[2002 Republic of the Congo parliamentary election|May 2002 parliamentary election]], Adada was elected to the [[National Assembly of the Republic of the Congo|National Assembly]] as the PCT candidate in the first constituency of [[Ouenzé]], the fifth ''arrondissement''  of [[Brazzaville]]; he won the seat in the first round with 67.46% of the vote.<ref>[http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=936&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=1&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=60&select_month=06&select_year=2002 "Elections législatives : les 51 élus du premier tour"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708092250/http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=936&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=1&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=60&select_month=06&select_year=2002 |date=8 July 2011 }}, ''Les Dépêches de Brazzaville'', 5 June 2002 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> After the election, he retained his post as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Cooperation, and La Francophonie in the government appointed on 18 August 2002.<ref>"La composition du nouveau gouvernement congolais", ''Les Dépêches de Brazzaville'', 19 August 2002 {{in lang|fr}}. {{cite web |url=http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=1420&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=0&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=60&select_month=0&select_year=0 |title=Les Dépêches de Brazzaville |accessdate=2012-05-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528210822/http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=1420&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=0&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=60&select_month=0&select_year=0 |archivedate=28 May 2012 }}</ref>

In March 2003, Adada visited [[Bangui]] in the wake of [[François Bozizé]]'s seizure of power in the [[Central African Republic]]. He met with Bozizé and effectively endorsed the takeover, saying that Bozizé was trustworthy because he had expressed a "vision" of "openness" and "reconciliation". In doing so, Adada ignored the [[African Union]]'s official condemnation of the takeover.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2863793.stm "Congo hails CAR coup leader"], BBC News, 19 March 2003.</ref>

Adada was to visit the People's Republic of [[China]] on behalf of Congo-Brazzaville, as announced by the Chinese government on their Ministry of Foreign Affairs website on 16 March 2004.<ref>[http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjdt/wsrc/t75178.htm "Minister Rodolphe Adada of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Cooperation and French-Speaking Country Affairs of the Republic of Congo to visit China"], Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 16 March 2004.</ref> He was promoted to the rank of Minister of State for Foreign Affairs in the government named on 7 January 2005.<ref>[http://www.congopage.com/article2171.html "Remaniement du gouvernement congolais : départ du ministre des Finances"], Congopage website, 7 January 2005 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref><ref>"Le président Denis Sassou Nguesso remanie le gouvernement congolais", ''Les Dépêches de Brazzaville'', 8 January 2005 {{in lang|fr}}. {{cite web |url=http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=7698&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=0&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=0&select_month=0&select_year=0 |title=Les Dépêches de Brazzaville |accessdate=2012-05-28 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528210546/http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=7698&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=0&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=0&select_month=0&select_year=0 |archivedate=28 May 2012 }}</ref>

On 8 May 2007, Adada was named Joint Special Representative of the United Nations and the African Union for Darfur, in which capacity he was in charge of the [[peacekeeping]] mission there.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-darfur-un-idUSN0824186220070508 "Congo's Adada to head Darfur peacekeeping mission"], Reuters, 8 May 2007.</ref> On 31 May, [[Basile Ikouébé]] was appointed to replace him as Foreign Minister.<ref>[http://www.jeuneafrique.com/pays/congo_brazza/article_depeche.asp?art_cle=XIN70027nominsergna0 "Nomination d'un nouveau ministre des Affaires étrangères"], Xinhua, 1 June 2007 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref>

Speaking to the [[United Nations Security Council]] on 27 April 2009, Adada said the violence in Darfur had been reduced to the point that the conflict there was "low-intensity".<ref>Louis Charbonneau, [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183904/http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCATRE53Q4LR20090427 "Darfur is now a "low-intensity conflict": U.N"], Reuters, 27 April 2009.</ref><ref name=Ended>Guillaume Lavallee, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100328201646/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hWgb-Z723upUR-vN88WVko4QwVBg "Darfur peacekeepers have ended massacres: chief"], Agence France-Presse, 29 August 2009.</ref> This claim outraged many of those involved in the Darfur situation.<ref name=Ended/>

The United Nations&ndash;African Union peacekeeping mission, UNAMID, announced on 25 August 2009 that Adada was resigning from his post and that his resignation would take effect on 31 August. UNAMID's deployment was characterized as "slow and difficult", and Adada had faced some criticism from diplomats who argued he was not effective.<ref>[http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20090825223713800C673333 "Top Darfur peacekeeper resigns"], Reuters, 25 August 2009.</ref> UN Secretary General [[Ban Ki-moon]] praised Adada, writing to him that he had "led UNAMID with distinction during its most challenging initial deployment phase and in an environment of unprecedented difficulty." Speaking to [[Agence France-Presse]] in an interview, Adada argued that he had been successful in his mission because massacres no were no longer occurring: "I would like to be judged, for UNAMID to be judged, on the number of deaths in Darfur." He said that he resigned as a matter of "personal choice". He reiterated his view that "there is no more fighting on the ground" and that continued violence was due to crime, not warfare. Adada also said that the Sudanese government had not fully cooperated with UNAMID, but that he had no choice but to work with the government, and he criticized the international community for not sending helicopters to UNAMID.<ref name=Ended/> Before he departed Sudan, he was awarded the [[Order of the Two Niles]] by Sudanese President [[Omar el-Bashir]] on 7 September 2009.<ref>Chérif Ouazani, [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20090908181118/onu-darfour-cpi-omar-el-bechiromar-el-bechir-honore-l-ex-patron-de-la-minuad.html "Omar el Béchir honore l'ex-patron de la Minuad"], ''Jeune Afrique'', 8 September 2009 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref>

Shortly after Adada left his post in Darfur, Sassou Nguesso reappointed him to the Congolese government as Minister of State for Industrial Development and the Promotion of the Private Sector on 15 September 2009.<ref>"Gouvernement – La nouvelle équipe compte trente-sept membres", ''Les Dépêches de Brazzaville'', 16 September 2009 {{in lang|fr}}. {{cite web |url=http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=32774&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=1&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=0&select_month=09&select_year=2009 |title=Les Dépêches de Brazzaville |accessdate=2012-03-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015528/http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/index.php?action=depeche&dep_id=32774&oldaction=liste&regpay_id=0&them_id=0&cat_id=1&ss_cat_id=0&LISTE_FROM=0&select_month=09&select_year=2009 |archivedate=26 March 2012 }}</ref> At the PCT's Sixth Extraordinary Congress, held in July 2011, Adada was elected to the PCT's 51-member Political Bureau.<ref>Joël Nsoni, "Denis Sassou Nguesso aux congressistes du P.c.t : «Les élections ne se gagnent pas dans les bureaux. Elles se gagnent sur le terrain»", ''La Semaine Africaine'', 30 July 2011 {{in lang|fr}}. {{cite web |url=http://www.lasemaineafricaine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1331:denis-sassou-nguesso-aux-congressistes-du-pct-lles-elections-ne-se-gagnent-pas-dans-les-bureaux-elles-se-gagnent-sur-le-terrainr&catid=4:national&Itemid=3 |title=Denis Sassou Nguesso aux congressistes du P.c.t : "Les élections ne se gagnent pas dans les bureaux. Elles se gagnent sur le terrain" |accessdate=2011-10-05 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317080029/http://www.lasemaineafricaine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1331:denis-sassou-nguesso-aux-congressistes-du-pct-lles-elections-ne-se-gagnent-pas-dans-les-bureaux-elles-se-gagnent-sur-le-terrainr&catid=4:national&Itemid=3 |archivedate=17 March 2012 }}</ref>

Following the [[2012 Republic of the Congo parliamentary election|July&ndash;August 2012 parliamentary election]], Adada was moved to the post of Minister of State for Transport, Civil Aviation, and the Merchant Marine on 25 September 2012.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120926045252/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120926-congo-brazzaville-remaniement-gouvernement-zacharie-bowao-charles-richard-mondjo "Remaniement ministériel au Congo-Brazzaville"], Radio France Internationale, 26 September 2012 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.brazzaville-adiac.com/medias/dossiertele/PDF1584.pdf "La nouvelle équipe gouvernementale rendue publique le 25 septembre"], ''Les Dépêches de Brazzaville'', number 1,584, 26 September 2012 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> While Adada was serving in that post, [[2012 Aéro-Service Ilyushin Il-76T crash|a plane crash]] occurred at the [[Maya-Maya Airport]] in Brazzaville on the evening of 30 November 2012, killing 32 people. Adada visited the scene on the morning after the crash.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121204065239/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-12/01/c_132012632.htm "Death toll in Brazzaville plane crash rises to 32"], Xinhua, 1 December 2012.</ref> At an official tribute to the victims held on 10 December 2012, he said that the cause of the crash was being investigated.<ref>[http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20121211-congo-brazzaville-hommage-officiel-victimes-accident-avion-maya-maya-nguesso "Congo-Brazzaville: hommage officiel aux victimes de l’accident d’avion"], Radio France Internationale, 11 December 2012 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> Adada was believed to be "completely marginalized" by 2013, with matters falling under his ministerial portfolio effectively controlled by [[Jean-Jacques Bouya]].<ref>[http://www.africaintelligence.fr/LC-/pouvoirs-et-reseaux/politique/2013/10/16/la-galaxie-bouya-prend-les-commandes,107990152-ART "La galaxie Bouya prend les commandes"], ''La Lettre du Continent'', number 668, Africa Intelligence, 16 October 2013 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref>

During the campaign for the September 2014 local elections, Adada was dispatched to Niari Department to campaign for the PCT's candidates there.<ref>Pascal Azad Doko, [http://www.lasemaineafricaine.net/index.php/national/10009-elections-locales-veritable-marathon-de-pierre-ngolo-pour-soutenir-les-candidats-du-p-c-t "Elections locales : Véritable marathon de Pierre Ngolo, pour soutenir les candidats du P.c.t"], ''La Semaine Africaine'', 23 September 2014 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref>

After Sassou Nguesso's victory in the [[2016 Republic of the Congo presidential election|March 2016 presidential election]], Adada was dismissed from the government on 30 April 2016.<ref>[http://adiac-congo.com/content/executif-le-gouvernement-de-rupture-au-grand-complet-50103 "Exécutif : le gouvernement de rupture au grand complet"], ADIAC, 1 May 2016 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref><ref>Trésor Kibangula, [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/322151/politique/congo-brazzaville-quil-faut-savoir-nouveau-gouvernement/ "Congo-Brazzaville : ce qu’il faut savoir sur le nouveau gouvernement"], ''Jeune Afrique'', 3 May 2016 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> He was appointed as Ambassador to France in July 2016, replacing [[Henri Lopes]],<ref>Thierry Noungou, [http://www.adiac-congo.com/content/diplomatie-rodolphe-adada-nomme-ambassadeur-du-congo-en-france-53649 "Diplomatie : Rodolphe Adada nommé ambassadeur du Congo en France"], ADIAC, 12 July 2016 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> and presented his credentials to French President [[François Hollande]] on 9 November 2016.<ref>Marie Alfred Ngoma, [http://www.adiac-congo.com/content/diplomatie-la-france-officialise-la-nomination-de-lambassadeur-rodolphe-adada-57799 "Diplomatie : la France officialise la nomination de l’ambassadeur Rodolphe Adada"], ADIAC, 10 November 2016 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref>