Editing Roger Nash Baldwin (section)

==Life and work==

===Early years===
Baldwin was born in [[Wellesley, Massachusetts]], the son of Lucy Cushing (Nash) and Frank Fenno Baldwin. He earned his bachelor's and master's degrees at [[Harvard University]]; afterwards, he moved to [[St. Louis]] on the advice of [[Louis D. Brandeis]]. There he taught sociology at [[Washington University in St. Louis]], worked as a [[social worker]] and became chief [[probation officer]] of the [[St. Louis Juvenile Court]]. He also co-wrote ''Juvenile Courts and Probation'' with [[Bernard Flexner]] at this time; this book became very influential in its era, and was, in part, the foundation of Baldwin's national reputation.

===Career===
Baldwin was a member of the [[American Union Against Militarism]] (AUAM), which opposed American involvement in [[World War I]]. After the passage of the [[Selective Service Act of 1917]], Baldwin called for the AUAM to create a legal division to protect the rights of [[conscientious objector]]s. On July 1, 1917, the AUAM created the [[Civil Liberties Bureau]] (CLB), headed by Baldwin. The CLB separated from the AUAM on October 1, 1917, renaming itself the [[National Civil Liberties Bureau]], with Baldwin as director. In 1920, NCLB was renamed the American Civil Liberties Union, with Baldwin continuing as the ACLU's first executive director.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://infoshare1.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/finding_aids/aclu1920/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2006-03-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216161717/http://infoshare1.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/finding_aids/aclu1920/ |archive-date=2006-02-16 }}</ref>

In the meantime, on 30 October 1918, as a conscientious objector himself, refusing even to register for the draft, undergo medical examination, or accept any [[alternative service]] such as farming, was sentenced at the [[United States district court|Federal Court]] in [[New York City]] to a year in a [[penitentiary]].

As director of ACLU, Baldwin was integral to the shape of the association's early character; it was under Baldwin's leadership that the ACLU undertook some of its most famous cases, including the [[Scopes Trial]], the [[Sacco and Vanzetti]] murder trial, and its challenge to the ban on [[James Joyce]]'s ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]''.  Baldwin retired from the ACLU leadership in 1950. He remained active in politics for the rest of his life; for example, he co-founded the International League for the Rights of Man, which is now known as the [[International League for Human Rights]].

In St. Louis, Baldwin had been greatly influenced by the  radical social movement of the [[anarchism|anarchist]] [[Emma Goldman]]. He joined the [[Industrial Workers of the World]]. Roger Baldwin oversaw, documented and supplied funding for a large number of defense cases for I.W.W. members and investigations throughout the United States. A fully accessible archive of his correspondence with I.W.W branches, investigators and attorneys has been published by Princeton's Mudd Manuscript Library.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://findingaids.princeton.edu/collections/MC001.01/c000001|title=Series 1: Reel Contents - American Civil Liberties Union Microfilm; American Civil Liberties Union Records: Subgroup 1, The Roger Baldwin Years, MC001.01|publisher=Public Policy Papers, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library|year=1912–1950|access-date=2019-02-16|archive-date=2016-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324223115/http://findingaids.princeton.edu/collections/MC001.01/c000001|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1927, he had visited the Soviet Union and wrote a book, ''Liberty Under the Soviets''. Later, however, as more and more information came out about [[Joseph Stalin]]'s regime in the [[Soviet Union]], Baldwin became more and more disillusioned with communism and in 1953 called it "A NEW SLAVERY" (capitalized in the original).<ref name=Slavery>{{cite book| url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?view=image;size=100;id=mdp.39015028140096;page=root;seq=22;num=18| author=Baldwin, Roger N| title=A New Slavery: Forced Labor ; the Communist Betrayal of Human Rights| publisher=Oceana Publications| year=1953| pages=18–21| access-date=2010-12-09| archive-date=2017-02-02| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202160307/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?view=image;size=100;id=mdp.39015028140096;page=root;seq=22;num=18| url-status=live}}</ref> He condemned "the inhuman communist police state tyranny, forced labor."<ref name="Unitarians">Robert C. Cottrell [http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/biographies/roger-baldwin-2/ "Roger Baldwin: Founder, American Civil Liberties Union 1884–1981] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213075518/http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/biographies/roger-baldwin-2/ |date=2015-02-13 }}. ''Notable American Unitarians''.</ref> In the 1940s, Baldwin led the campaign to purge the ACLU of Communist Party members.<ref name="Unitarians"/>

In 1947, General [[Douglas MacArthur]] invited him to [[Japan]] to foster the growth of civil liberties in that country. In Japan, he founded the [[Japan Civil Liberties Union]], and the Japanese government awarded him the [[Order of the Rising Sun]]. In 1948, Germany and Austria invited him for similar purposes. He was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1951.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=20 April 2011|archive-date=18 June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618085806/http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Later years===
In 1968, [[Washington University in St. Louis|Washington University]] awarded Baldwin an honorary doctorate of Laws degree.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rooney |first=Sonya |title=Research Guides: WashU Commencement History: Honorary Degrees Awarded by W.U. |url=https://libguides.wustl.edu/wustl-commencement/honorary |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=libguides.wustl.edu |language=en |archive-date=2022-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619052540/https://libguides.wustl.edu/wustl-commencement/honorary |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[U.S. President|President]] [[Jimmy Carter]] awarded Baldwin the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom|Medal of Freedom]] on January 16, 1981.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wolley |first=John T. |author2=Gerhard Peters |date=January 16, 1981 |title=Jimmy Carter: Presidential Medal of Freedom Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony, January 16, 1981. |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/250755 |work=The American Presidency Project |publisher=www.presidency.ucsb.edu |access-date=December 2, 2020 |archive-date=March 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307103052/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/presidential-medal-freedom-remarks-the-presentation-ceremony-0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Death and legacy===

A resident of [[Oakland, New Jersey]], Baldwin died of [[heart failure]] on August 26, 1981, at [[The Valley Hospital]] in [[Ridgewood, New Jersey]].<ref name=NYTObit />

He is the subject of [[John G. Avildsen]]'s 1982 documentary ''[[Traveling Hopefully]]''.