Editing Rogue state (section)

== Usage by the United States ==
As early as July 1985, President [[Ronald Reagan]] stated that "we are not going to tolerate … attacks from outlaw states by the strangest collection of misfits, looney tunes, and squalid criminals since the advent of the Third Reich," but it fell to the Clinton administration to elaborate on this concept.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PRESIDENT ACCUSES 5 'OUTLAW STATES' OF WORLD TERROR {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000807260023-7 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> In the 1994 issue of ''Foreign Affairs'', U.S. National Security Advisor [[Anthony Lake]] labelled five nations as ''rogue states'': [[North Korea]], [[Cuba]], [[Iran]], [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi|Libya under Muammar Gaddafi]], and [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq under Saddam Hussein]]. He described these regimes as "recalcitrant and outlaw states that not only choose to remain outside the family but also assault its basic values".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wunderlich |first=C. |title=Delegitimisation à la Carte: The 'Rogue State' Label as a Means of Stabilising Order in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2017 |pages=143–186 |isbn=978-3-319-50445-2 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-50445-2_5}}</ref> Cuba was put on the list solely because of the political influence of the Cuban-American community and specifically that of the Cuban American National Foundation {{cn|date=May 2024}} (pre-Jorge Mas Santos), whereas [[Syria]] and [[Pakistan]] avoided being added to the list because the United States hoped that Syria could play a constructive role in the Arab-Israeli peace process, and because Washington had long maintained close relations with Pakistan.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

Three other nations, the [[Serbia and Montenegro|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], [[Sudan]], and the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]], were treated as ''rogue states'' as well.{{cn|date=July 2023}} The US State Department at times labelled Yugoslavia as a "rogue state" because its leader, [[Slobodan Milošević]], had been accused of violating the rights of his nation's citizens, including but not limited to [[Croatia–Serbia genocide case|attempted genocide in Croatia]] and orchestrating the [[Srebrenica massacre]] in eastern Bosnia.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

The United States employed several tools to isolate and punish "rogue states". Tough unilateral economic sanctions, often at congressional behest, were imposed on or tightened against Iran, Libya, Cuba, Sudan, and Afghanistan. After the conclusion of the [[Gulf War]] in 1991, the United States selectively used [[airpower]] against Iraq for years during the [[Iraqi no-fly zones]] to force them in complying with various [[United Nations Security Council resolution]]s regarding [[disarmament]] (i.e., [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 687|Resolution 687]]) and [[human rights]] (i.e., [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 688|Resolution 688]]). [[Operation Infinite Reach|Cruise missiles were fired]] at Afghanistan and Sudan in retaliation for [[1998 United States embassy bombings|terrorist attacks against U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania]] in August 1998. In March 1999, NATO launched a [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|massive air-bombing campaign against Yugoslavia]] in response to the Yugoslav Army's crackdown on ethnic Albanian separatists in the province of Kosovo.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

In the last six months of the [[Clinton administration]], U.S. Secretary of State [[Madeleine Albright]] announced that the term ''rogue state'' would be abolished in June 2000, in favour of the term ''states of concern'',<ref>WAMU 88.5 American University Radio, Washington D.C., Broadcast on 19 June, 10–11 a.m. / Daily Press Briefing, Monday, 19 June 2000, Briefer: Richard Boucher, Spokesman Department 5-10, "States of Concern" versus "Rogue states"</ref> as three of the nations listed as "rogue states" (Libya, Iran, and North Korea) no longer met the conditions established to define a ''rogue state''.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

Libya was removed from the [[State Sponsors of Terrorism]] list in 2006 after achieving success through [[diplomacy]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wald|first1=Matthew L.|title=U.S. drops Libya from list of terrorist countries - Africa & Middle East - International Herald Tribune|url=https://nytimes.com/2006/07/07/world/africa/07iht-libya.2143377.html|work=The New York Times|date=7 July 2006}}</ref> Relations with Libya also became more mutual following the eight month [[First Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]] in 2011, which resulted in the National Transitional Council ousting longtime Libyan leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]] from power.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McElroy|first1=Damien|title=Gaddafi's death: Libya's new rulers 'stained' by manner of his death, says Philip Hammond|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8844744/Gaddafis-death-Libyas-new-rulers-stained-by-manner-of-his-death-says-Philip-Hammond.html|work=The Telegraph|date=23 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2015, after the US reopened its embassy in [[Cuba]] and restarted diplomatic relations with the Cuban government, Cuba was removed from the list of [[State sponsors of terrorism]] and was no longer referred to as a "rogue state".<ref>{{cite news|title=What is behind the US-Cuba thaw?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-30524560|work=BBC News|date=14 August 2015}}</ref>

More recently, the administration of U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] labelled [[Venezuela]] a "rogue state". During the 2017 UN general assembly, UN ambassador [[Nikki Haley]] called Venezuela a global threat and a "dangerous [[narco-state]]". Some figures of the Venezuelan government, like Vice President [[Tareck el Aissami]] and Minister of Defense [[Vladimir Padrino López]], were permanently banned from entering US territory, due to their involvement with human rights abuses and drug cartels. Later in 2017, the US government banned all high ranking Venezuelan government officials from entering US territory.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Imbert|first1=Fred|title=Venezuela's bad relationship with the United States just got worse|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/02/15/venezuela-drug-trafficking-a-bad-relationship-with-the-us-got-worse.html|work=CNBC|date=15 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wyss|first1=Jim|title=Trump targets Venezuela's government in new travel ban|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article175207481.html|work=Miami Herald|date=25 September 2017}}</ref> Currently, due to the [[2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis]], Nicolas Maduro's government (which controls Venezuela ''de facto'') is not recognized as legitimate by the United States or most other states in the [[Western Hemisphere]], with the exceptions of [[Cuba]], [[Dominica]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], and [[Suriname]].<ref>See [[Responses to the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis]].</ref>

On 19 June 2020, U.S. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] called the People's Republic of China a "rogue actor" at the Virtual Copenhagen Democracy Summit, saying that "General Secretary [[Xi Jinping]] has green-lighted a brutal campaign of repression against Chinese Muslims, a human rights violation on a scale we haven’t seen since World War II." In addition, Pompeo cited China's handling of COVID-19, "malicious cyber campaigns" it conducted, and its [[2019 Hong Kong extradition bill|treatment of Hong Kong citizens]] as reasons for labeling China as a rogue actor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Remarks by Secretary of State Mike Pompeo at Virtual Copenhagen Democracy Summit|work=U.S. Embassy in Iceland|date=19 June 2020 |url=https://is.usembassy.gov/europe-and-the-china-challenge/}}</ref>

=== Later terms ===
In the aftermath of the [[September 11 attacks]], the [[George W. Bush administration|Bush administration]] returned to using a similar term. The concept of ''rogue states'' was replaced by the Bush administration with the concept of an ''[[Axis of Evil]]'', which encompassed [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]], [[Iran]], and [[North Korea]]. U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] first spoke of this "Axis of Evil" during his January 2002 [[State of the Union Address]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/transcripts/sou012902.htm | newspaper=The Washington Post | title=Text of President Bush's 2002 State of the Union Address}}</ref> More terms, such as ''[[Outposts of Tyranny]]'', would follow suit.<ref>{{cite news|title=At-a-glance: 'Outposts of tyranny'
|work=BBC News|date=19 January 2005|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4187361.stm}}</ref>

Because the U.S. government remains the most active proponent of the expression ''rogue state'', the term has received much criticism from those who disagree with [[Foreign relations of the United States|American foreign policy]]. Both the concepts of ''rogue states'' and the ''Axis of Evil'' have been criticized by scholars, including philosopher [[Jacques Derrida]] and linguist [[Noam Chomsky]], who considered it more or less a justification of [[imperialism]] and a useful word for [[propaganda]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/25/books/review/25freedland.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jonathan | last=Freedland | title=Homeland Insecurity | date=25 June 2006}}</ref> Some critics charge that ''rogue state'' merely means any state that is generally hostile to the U.S., or even one that opposes the U.S. without necessarily posing a wider threat.<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/02/12/1076548157407.html?from=storyrhs Pakistan, a rogue state unpunished], Sydney Morning Herald, 13 February 2004</ref><ref>[http://www.greenleft.org.au/back/2004/571/571p12.htm PAKISTAN: How Washington helped create a nuclear 'rogue state'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826122120/http://www.greenleft.org.au/back/2004/571/571p12.htm |date=26 August 2006 }}, Green left online, 17 November 1993</ref> Others, such as author [[William Blum]], argued that the term is also applicable to the U.S. and [[Israel]]. In his ''[[Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower]]'', Blum claimed that the United States defines itself as a rogue state through its foreign policy.{{Page needed|date=February 2018}}