Editing Romanization of Russian (section)

==Systematic transliterations of Cyrillic to Latin==
There are a number of distinct and competing standards for the romanization of [[Russian alphabet|Russian Cyrillic]], with none of them having received much popularity, and, in reality, transliteration is often carried out without any consistent standards.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ivanov|first=Lyubomir|date=2017|title=Streamlined Romanization of Russian Cyrillic|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318402098|journal=Contrastive Linguistics|location=Sofia|volume=XLII|issue=2|pages=66–73|issn=0204-8701|quote=In general, the present practice of Russian transliteration would seem fairly messy, inconsistent, and subject to not infrequent change.|access-date=2021-03-11|archive-date=2022-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303150302/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318402098_Streamlined_Romanization_of_Russian_Cyrillic|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Scientific transliteration===
{{Main article|Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic}}

Scientific transliteration, also known as the ''International Scholarly System'', is a system that has been used in [[linguistics]] since the 19th century. It is based on the [[Czech alphabet]] and formed the basis of the GOST and ISO systems.

===GOST===

====OST 8483====
OST 8483 was the first Soviet standard on romanization of Russian, introduced on 16 October 1935.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vinogradov|first=N. V.|title=Karty i atlasy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yc7NDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT44|year=1941|language=ru|isbn=978-5-4475-6305-9|page=44|publisher=Directmedia |access-date=2017-03-09|archive-date=2017-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312124703/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yc7NDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT44|url-status=live}}</ref>

====GOST 16876-71 (1973)====
{{Main article|GOST 16876-71}}

Developed by the National Administration for Geodesy and Cartography at the [[USSR Council of Ministers]], GOST 16876-71 has been in service since 1973. Replaced by GOST 7.79-2000.

====ST SEV 1362 (1978)====
This standard is an equivalent of GOST 16876-71 and was adopted as an official standard of the [[Comecon|COMECON]].

====GOST 7.79-2000 (2002)====
{{main|GOST 7.79-2000}}
GOST 7.79-2000 ''System of Standards on Information, Librarianship, and Publishing–Rules for Transliteration of the Cyrillic Characters Using the Latin Alphabet'' is an adoption of [[ISO 9|ISO 9:1995]]. It is the official standard of both [[Russia]] and the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS).

====GOST 52535.1-2006 (2006)====
GOST 52535.1-2006 ''Identification cards. Machine readable travel documents. Part 1. Machine readable passports'' is an adoption of an [[ICAO]] standard for travel documents. It was used in Russian passports for a short period during 2010–2013 ([[#2010–2013|see below]]). The standard was substituted in 2013 by GOST R ISO/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] 7501-1-2013, which does not contain romanization, but directly refers to the [[ICAO]] romanization ([[#After 2013|see below]]).

====Street and road signs====
Names on street and road signs in the Soviet Union were romanized
according to GOST 10807-78 (tables 17, 18), which was amended by newer Russian GOST R 52290-2004 (tables Г.4, Г.5), the romanizations in both the standards are practically identical.

===ISO===
{{Main article|ISO 9}}

====ISO/R 9====
ISO/R 9, established in 1954 and updated in 1968, was the adoption of the [[scientific transliteration]] by the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO). It covers Russian and seven other Slavic languages.

====ISO 9====
ISO 9:1995 is the current transliteration standard from ISO. It is based on its predecessor ISO/R 9:1968, which it deprecates; for Russian, the two are the same except in the treatment of five modern letters. ISO 9:1995 is the first language-independent, univocal system of one character for one character equivalents (by the use of diacritics) that faithfully represents the original and allows for reverse transliteration for Cyrillic text in any contemporary language.

===United Nations romanization system===
The [[UNGEGN]], a Working Group of the [[United Nations]], in 1987 recommended a romanization system for geographical names, which was based on the 1983 version of [[GOST 16876-71]]. It may be found in some international cartographic products.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zots |first=Ivan Vladimirovich |year=2020 |url=https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202006.0095/v1 |title=Modern Romanization of Russian Toponyms per UN Technical Reference: Phonological and Orthographic Analysis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919190758/https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202006.0095/v1 |archive-date=2020-09-19 |website=Preprints |id=2020060095 |doi=10.20944/preprints202006.0095.v1 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Library of Congress (ALA-LC)===
{{Main article|ALA-LC romanization for Russian}}

[[American Library Association]] and [[Library of Congress]] (ALA-LC) romanization tables for Slavic alphabets are used in [[North America]]n libraries and in the British Library since 1975.

The formal, unambiguous version of the system for bibliographic cataloguing requires some diacritics, [[Tie (typography)|two-letter tie character]]s, and prime marks. The standard is also often adapted as a "simplified" or "modified Library of Congress system" for use in text for a non-specialized audience, omitting the special characters and diacritics, simplifying endings, and modifying iotated initials.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shaw|first=J. Thomas|title=Transliteration of Modern Russian for English-Language Publications|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=1967|location=Madison}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Guide to Style and Presentation of MSS|publisher=Slavonic and East European Review|year=c. 1966|type=Pamphlet}}</ref>

===British Standard===
''British Standard 2979:1958'' is the main system of the Oxford University Press,<ref>{{cite book|last=Waddingham|first=Anne|title=New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btb1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-957002-7|page=240|access-date=2017-03-09|archive-date=2017-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312130558/https://books.google.com/books?id=btb1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|url-status=live}}</ref> and a variation was used by the British Library to catalogue publications acquired up to 1975. The [[ALA-LC romanization for Russian|Library of Congress system]] (ALA-LC) is used for newer acquisitions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Search for Cyrillic items in the catalogue|url=https://www.bl.uk/help/search-for-cyrillic-items|publisher=British Library|access-date=9 March 2017|date=2014|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712150035/https://www.bl.uk/help/search-for-cyrillic-items|url-status=live}}</ref>

===BGN/PCGN===
{{Main article|BGN/PCGN romanization of Russian}}The BGN/PCGN system is relatively intuitive for Anglophones to read and pronounce. In many publications, a simplified form of the system is used to render English versions of Russian names, typically converting ''ë'' to ''yo'', simplifying ''-iy'' and ''-yy'' endings to ''-y'', and omitting apostrophes for ''ъ'' and ''ь''.  It can be rendered using only the basic letters and punctuation found on English-language keyboards: no diacritics or unusual letters are required, although the [[interpunct]] character (·) may be used to avoid ambiguity.

This particular standard is part of the [[BGN/PCGN romanization|BGN/PCGN romanization system]] which was developed by the [[United States Board on Geographic Names]] and by the [[Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use]]. The portion of the system pertaining to the [[Russian language]] was adopted by BGN in 1944 and by PCGN in 1947.

===Transliteration of names on Russian passports===
In [[Soviet passport|Soviet international passport]]s, transliteration was based on French rules but without diacritics and so all names were transliterated in a {{ill|French-style system|fr|Transcription du russe en français|lt=French-style system.}}<ref name="Order No. 310">{{cite web|author1=Ministry of Internal Affairs|author-link1=Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|title=Order No. 310 (26 May 1997)|url=http://pravo.gov.ru/ipsdata/?docbody=&nd=102093506&rdk=2|language=ru|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-date=13 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613111928/http://pravo.gov.ru/ipsdata/?docbody=&nd=102093506&rdk=2|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1997, with the introduction of new [[Russian passport]]s, a diacritic-free English-oriented system was established by the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs]],<ref name="Order No. 310" /><ref>{{cite news|author1=Ministry of Internal Affairs|author-link1=Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|title=Order No. 1047 (31 December 2003)|url=http://www.rg.ru/2004/01/22/pasport-doc.html|issue=3386|publisher=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|date=22 January 2004|language=ru|access-date=24 February 2011|archive-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925234657/http://www.rg.ru/2004/01/22/pasport-doc.html|url-status=live}}</ref> but the system was also abandoned in 2010.

In 2006, GOST R 52535.1-2006 was adopted, which defines technical requirements and standards for Russian international passports and introduces its own system of transliteration. In 2010, the [[Federal Migration Service]] of Russia approved Order No. 26,<ref>{{cite news|author1=Federal Migratory Service|author-link1=Federal Migratory Service (Russia)|title=Order No. 26 (3 February 2010)|url=https://rg.ru/2010/03/05/pasport-dok.html|issue=5125|publisher=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|date=5 March 2010|language=ru|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312044857/https://rg.ru/2010/03/05/pasport-dok.html|url-status=live}}</ref> stating that all personal names in the passports issued after 2010 must be transliterated using GOST R 52535.1-2006. Because of some differences between the new system and the old one, citizens who wanted to retain the old version of a name's transliteration, especially one that had been in the old pre-2010 passport, could apply to the local migration office before they acquired a new passport. The standard was abandoned in 2013.

{{anchor|After 2013}}
In 2013, Order No. 320<ref>{{cite news|author1=Federal Migratory Service|author-link1=Federal Migratory Service (Russia)|title=Order No. 320 (15 October 2012)|url=https://rg.ru/2013/03/27/pasporta-dok.html|issue=6041|publisher=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|date=27 March 2013|language=ru|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312044523/https://rg.ru/2013/03/27/pasporta-dok.html|url-status=live}}</ref> of the [[Federal Migration Service]] of Russia came into force. It states that all personal names in the passports must be transliterated by using the [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]] [[ICAO romanization|system]], which is published in Doc 9303 "''Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 3''". The system differs from the GOST R 52535.1-2006 system in two things: '''ц''' is transliterated into ''ts'' (as in pre-2010 systems), '''ъ''' is transliterated into ''ie'' (a novelty).<!-- The latter seems to be for Bulgarian. -->