Editing Rome Laboratory (section)

==History==
The '''Rome Air Depot,''' established 5 February 1942 built U.S. versions of the British [[Norden bombsight]]s and tested/rebuilt large airplane engines.{{r|Mueller}} From 1945 offices and laboratories were set up in buildings constructed during the war.

The base was renamed [[Griffiss Air Force Base]] on 23 Jan 1948.{{r|Mueller}}
Approximately mid-1948, Griffiss AFB received electronics research and development responsibilities from Headquarters, Air Materiel Command. The resources
would come from Watson Laboratories and the Middletown testing units at Middletown, Pennsylvania ([[Middletown Air Depot]]).{{r|SmithByrd}} Personnel from Middletown arrived at Griffiss AFB as early as 1948. On 6 July 1950, the Senate Committee on Armed Services recommended the establishment of an "Air Force Electronics Center" at Griffiss AFB. President Truman signed the resulting bill on 26 September 1950, and the transfer of Watson Laboratories to Griffiss AFB, beginning on 29 November of the same year, was completed on 14 February 1951. Griffiss AFB was assigned to the Air Research and Development Command on 2 April 1951. On 12 June 1951, Rome Air Development Center (RADC) was officially established.

The [[3171st Electronics Research Group]] activated on 12 January 1949 under the [[2751st Experimental Wing]] formed during World War II,{{r|Mueller}} and the [[3180th Weapon Equipment Flight Test]] organization activated on 4 April 1949.{{r|Mueller}}  On September 26, 1950, the Griffiss AFB '''Air Force Electronics Center''' was established<ref>Congressional Bill TBD from a [[Senate Armed Services Committee]] recommendation</ref>—2 Griffiss radar units were established on 12 Oct 50 for less than a year, the 7th and 12th Radar Calibration Units.{{r|Mueller}}  The entire [[Signal Corps Laboratories|Watson Laboratories]], which was acquiring the "state-of-the-art" [[Bendix AN/FPS-3 Radar]] for [[Air Defense Command]], transferred to Griffiss<ref>{{Cite report |last=Greenslit |first=Chuck |title=Bendix Radio Radars |quote=Based on a newly developed Litton klystron and the experience of Bob Davis, a new high powered radar, the FPS-20, was conceived. This was developed, first as a GPA-27 kit to upgrade the FPS-3 and later manufactured as the FPS-20, FPS-20a, FPS-66-67, and FPS-100.}}</ref> from [[Fort Monmouth#World War II|Camp Coles NJ]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cecom.army.mil/historian/pubupdates/Fort_Monmouth_Timeline_07_22_05.doc|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140615095945/http://cecom.army.mil/historian/pubupdates/Fort_Monmouth_Timeline_07_22_05.doc|url-status=live|archive-date=2014-06-15|title=Fort Monmouth Timeline|date=June 15, 2014|website=archive.ph}}</ref> from 6 November 1950 until 2 April 1951, the date Griffiss AFB transferred to [[Air Research and Development Command]].{{r|SmithByrd}}    During the move the [[3151st Electronics Group]] was activated on 14 March 1951.{{r|Mueller}}

===Rome Air Development Center ===
The Rome Air Development Center headquarters officially opened on June 12, 1951, with the personnel of the headquarters for the 2751st Wing and 3171st  & 3151st Groups. These three HQs were discontinued.{{r|SmithByrd}} The 6530th Air Base Wing with subordinate units, e.g., Maintenance and Support Group, were activated on the same date for support through August/November 1952.{{r|Mueller}} The centre was for USAF "applied research, development and test of electronic air-ground systems such as detection, control, identification and countermeasures, navigation, communications, and data transmission systems, associated components, and related automatic flight equipment".<ref>The source for this quotation is not identified in ''Forty Years of Research and Development at Griffis Air Force Base''.</ref>  RADC constructed the {{Convert|1205|ft|abbr=on|adj=on}} [[Forestport Tower]] in 1951 for low-frequency communications experiments.  On 1 January 1953, RADC reorganized into the Engineering Support Division, Electronic Warfare
and Techniques Division, Equipment Development Division, and Systems Division (a Plans and Operations Office at the HQ provided guidance.){{r|SmithByrd}}

For [[Air Training Command]] and [[Strategic Air Command]] to score bombing accuracy, and based on the [[AN/MPQ-2]]; RADC integrated{{r|ADA250435}} [[AN/MPS-9]] radars with [[Radar Bomb Scoring|RBS plotting]] to create the [[Reeves AN/MSQ-1 Close Support Control Set|AN/MSQ-1]] (with OA-132 plotting computer/board)) and [[Reeves AN/MSQ-2 Close Support Control Set|AN/MSQ-2]] (OA-215)<ref>[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/combatevaluationgroup/message/23682 MSQ-1's married The MPS-9 to the OA-132 MSQ-2's married the MPS-9 to the OA-215]</ref>—RADC also developed SAC's "AN/GSA-19 Blanking System" for safety at [[:Category:Strategic Air Command radar stations|RBS radar stations]].<ref name=ADA250435>{{Cite web| url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA250435 | title=Forty years of research and development at Griffiss Air force base | access-date=2014-06-14 | archive-date=2013-04-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408131948/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA250435 | url-status=dead}}</ref>  RADC began using a new intelligence and reconnaissance laboratory building on 27 May 1954,{{r|Mueller}} and an [[GE AN/GPA-37 Course Directing Group|AN/GPA-37]] "developed by RADC [and] installed at the [[Verona Test Annex|Verona Test Site]]" conducted a 28 December 1955 [[ground-controlled interception]] test "on an [[F-86D]] fighter interceptor aircraft".<ref name="ADA250435"/>  Also in 1955 RADC developed [[phased array radar]] technology, and the center contracted [[Bendix Corporation|Bendix's Radio Division]] in 1958 to build the [[Bendix AN/FPS-46 Electronically Steerable Array Radar]] (ESAR) for demonstration<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675069283_Spacetrack-Radar_Eglin-Air-Force-Base_construction-at-base_men-at-work	| title=A man [is] surveying and aligning each member on the 45DG scanner face with delicate optical equipment}}</ref> (1st "powered up" in November 1960.)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/an-fps-85.htm |title = AN/FPS-85 Spacetrack Radar}}</ref>

A [[GE AN/FPS-49 Radar Set|prototype AN/FPS-43 BMEWS radar]]<ref name=BMW>{{Cite book |author=Bate, Mueller, and White |year=1971 |orig-year=origyear tbd |title=Fundamentals of Astronautics |publisher=Courier Corporation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtJK8cetqGkC&q=an%2Ffps-92&pg=PA133 |format=Google books |access-date=2014-03-05 |quote=BMEWS…fan-shaped beams, about 1° in width and 3½° in elevation… The horizontal sweep rate is fast enough that a missile or satellite cannot pass through the fans undetected.|isbn=9780486600611 }}</ref> completed at [[Trinidad]] in 1958 went operational on February 4, 1959, the date of an [[Atlas II]]B firing from [[Cape Canaveral]] [[Launch Complex 11]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.siloworld.net/MISSILE%20%20LAUNCHES/CAPE/Launches/atlas__b.htm | title=Atlas B}}</ref> (lunar reflection was tested January–June 1960.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/265165.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311181855/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/265165.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-03-11|title=Article title}}</ref>  On 20 January 1960 RADC accepted the [[Avco AN/FPS-26 Frequency Diversity Radar]] from [[Avco]]{{r|SmithByrd}} for use at [[SAGE radar stations]] (later modified into the [[Avco AN/FSS-7 SLBM Detection Radar|474N "Fuzzy-7" SLBM Detection Radar]].){{technical inline|date=September 2015}}

==== Command and Control development ====
On 1 July 1960, RADC was assigned to the [[Air Force Command and Control Development Division]].{{r|DelPapa}} In late 1960, RADC conducted an "Experimental Passive-Satellite Communication Link" using the [[Project Echo]] satellite and [[Philco]] terminals for voice transmissions through space from the [[Trinidad Atlantic Missile Range Tracking Station|Trinidad Space Communication Facility]]<!--Trinidad Radar - AD0619222.pdf--> to the RADC's Floyd site.<ref name=Pratt>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/619222.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170104/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/619222.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-07-14|title=Article title}} Carried out with "[[RCA AN/FPS-49 Radar Set|BMEWS type radar tracker]]" using "AN/FRC-56 type" transmitter and "84FT DISH."</ref> In August 1962, RADC established the "AFLC Communications-Electronics Field Office" to monitor missile tests.{{r|Mueller}}

A "60-foot-diameter" antenna at the Floyd site built by RADC "particularly to communicate with [[Project Echo|ECHO II]]" was dedicated on 30 August 1963.<ref>[http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Rome%20NY%20Daily%20Sentinel/Rome%20NY%20Daily%20Sentinel%201963/Rome%20NY%20Daily%20Sentinel%201963%20-%203917.pdf PASSIVE SATELLITE RESEARCH TERMINAL]</ref>  In 1965 based on the USMC [[AN/MPQ-14]], the "[[Combat Skyspot|SKYSPOT]] RADC developmental program" designed the [[Reeves AN/MSQ-77 Bomb Directing Central|AN/MSQ-77 with ballistic computer]] for [[Vietnam War]] [[Ground Directed Bombing#Vietnam War|high-altitude, low-visibility (e.g., nighttime, inclement weather) strategic bombing missions]], and which was also used as a "[[Close Air Support]] Bombing System".{{r|SmithByrd}}

====RTD assignment====
By June 1965, RADC was assigned to AFSC's Research and Technology Division and had a '''Communications Research Branch'''{{r|Pratt}} (an early 1960s plan to rename RADC to the '''Air Force Electromagnetics Laboratory''' was not implemented.){{Citation needed|date=June 2014}}  RADC's [[Program 673A]] research resulted in the 440L System Program Office for the [[Forward Scatter Over-the-Horizon network]] ([http://www.designation-systems.net/usmilav/projects.html AN/FRT-80 transmitters & AN/FSQ-76 receivers)] being established on 1 July 1965 (RADC's "Data Reduction Center"{{Where|reason=On Griffiss AFB, or at an off-base annex?|date=June 2012}} processed [[Aviano AB#440L Correlation Center|440L data]] transmitted to the [[Cheyenne Mountain Complex]].<ref>{{Cite NORAD Historical Summary |year=1965B |accessdate=date [[tbd]]}}</ref>

RADC developed a 1960s [[machine translation]] for [[Russian language]] documents and in the late 1960s, RADC coordinated the [[Ling-Temco-Vought]]  AN/TRN-26 deployable [[TACAN]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/equip/an-trn-26.htm|title = AN/TRN-26 (Deployable TACAN)}}</ref> development for the [[Vietnam War]] (1st units went to [[Israel]] and [[Camp David]]'s "DVD" site.){{Citation needed|date=June 2014}}  In the 1970s [[War On Drugs]], RADC [[COMPASS TRIP]] research investigated "multispectral reconnaissance techniques to locate opium poppy fields".{{r|SmithByrd}}  By December 1977 RADC had developed{{r|SmithByrd}} the 322 watt "solid state transmitter and receiver module"<ref name=ADA088323>{{Cite report |author=Engineering Panel on the PAVE PAWS Radar System |year=1979 |title=Radiation Intensity of the PAVE PAWS Radar System |url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a088323.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714130334/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a088323.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |number=ADA 088323  |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |access-date=2014-06-05  }}</ref> while "responsible for {{bracket|[[PAVE PAWS]]}} design, fabrication installation, integration test, and evaluation" (through 1980).{{r|SmithByrd}}

====ESD assignment====
[[File:Rome laboratory.png|thumb|Emblem of Rome Laboratory]]
On 1 September 1975, RADC was reassigned to AFSC's Electronic Systems Division (ESD).{{r|DelPapa}}  At [[Hanscom AFB]] on 1 January 1976, RADC's Detachment 1 was activated for "Electronic Technology" with the personnel and equipment of the 1960 [[Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory|AFCRL's]] Microwave Physics and Solid State Sciences divisions, known as "[[Hanscom Air Force Base#History|RADC East]]."{{r|DelPapa}}<!--{{r|SmithByrd}}-->

In the 1980s and 1990s RADC funded a significant amount of research on software engineering, e.g., the [[Knowledge Based Software Assistant]] (KBSA) program.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Boehm|first=Barry|author2=Prasanta Bose |title=KBSA Life Cycle Evaluation: Final Technical Report|journal=Contract No: F30602-96-C-0274|date=1998-08-15|volume=I|url=http://csse.usc.edu/csse/event/1999/ARR/volumeI.pdf|access-date=4 January 2014|publisher=USC Center for Software Engineering}}</ref>

===Rome Laboratory===
In 1990  RADC was redesignated '''Rome Laboratory'''{{r|SmithByrd}} which in October 1997 became part of the [[Air Force Research Laboratory]].<ref>{{US Air Force|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224062419/https://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsid=148|article=Air Force Research Laboratory }}</ref>