Editing Rood screen (section)

==Description and origin of the name==
[[File:Rood Screen and Chancel ceiling, Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania).jpg|thumb|Crucifixion atop Rood Screen, Anglo-Catholic [[Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)]]]]
The word ''rood'' is derived from the [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxon]] word ''[[rood]]'' or ''rode'', meaning "cross". The rood screen is so called because it was surmounted by the Rood itself, a large figure of the [[Crucifixion|crucified]] [[Jesus|Christ]]. Commonly, to either side of the Rood, there stood supporting statues of [[saint]]s, normally [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Mary]] and [[John the Apostle|St John]],{{sfnp|Friar|1996|p=382}} in an arrangement comparable to the [[Deesis]] always found in the centre of an Orthodox [[iconostasis]] (which uses [[John the Baptist]] instead of the Apostle, and a [[Christ Pantocrator|Pantokrator]] instead of a Crucifixion). Latterly in England and Wales the Rood tended to rise above a narrow loft (called the "rood loft"), which could occasionally be substantial enough to be used as a singing gallery (and might even contain an altar); but whose main purpose was to hold candles to light the rood itself.{{sfnp|Friar|1996|p=384}} The panels and uprights of the screen did not support the loft, which instead rested on a substantial transverse beam called the "rood beam" or "candle beam".{{sfnp|Friar|1996|p=383}} Access was via a narrow rood stair set into the piers supporting the chancel arch. In parish churches, the space between the rood beam and the chancel arch was commonly filled by a boarded or lath and plaster [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]], set immediately behind the rood figures and painted with a [[Doom (painting)|representation of the Last Judgement]].{{sfnp|Friar|1996|p=464}} The roof panels of the first bay of the nave were commonly richly decorated to form a [[celure]] or canopy of honour; or otherwise there might be a separate celure canopy attached to the front of the chancel arch.

The carving or construction of the rood screen often included [[latticework]], which makes it possible to see through the screen partially from the nave into the [[chancel]]. The term "chancel" itself derives from the [[Latin]] word ''cancelli'' meaning "[[Latticework|lattice]]"; a term which had long been applied to the low metalwork or stone screens that delineate the choir enclosure in early medieval Italian cathedrals and major churches. The passage through the rood screen was fitted with doors, which were kept locked except during services.

The terms ''pulpitum'', ''Lettner'', ''jubé''{{refn|from the invocation "Jube domne benedicere"<ref>{{cite web |title=Définition de jubé |trans-title=Definition of jubé |url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/jub%C3%A9 |website=Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Gospel in the Liturgy |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06659a.htm |website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref>}} and ''doksaal'' all suggest a screen platform used for readings from scripture, and there is plentiful documentary evidence for this practice in major churches in Europe in the 16th century. From this it was concluded by Victorian liturgists that the specification ''ad pulpitum'' for the location for [[Gospel]] lections in the rubrics of the [[Use of Sarum]] referred both to the cathedral pulpitum screen and the parish rood loft. However, rood stairs in English parish churches are rarely, if ever, found to have been built wide enough to accommodate the Gospel procession required in the Sarum Use. The specific functions of the late medieval parish rood loft, over and above supporting the rood and its lights, remain an issue of conjecture and debate. In this respect it may be significant that, although there are terms for a rood screen in the vernacular languages of Europe, there is no counterpart specific term in liturgical Latin. Nor does the 13th century liturgical commentator [[Guillaume Durand|Durandus]] refer directly to rood screens or rood lofts. This is consistent with the ritual uses of rood lofts being substantially a late medieval development.