Editing Roskilde (section)

==History==
Roskilde, which developed as the hub of the Viking land and sea trade routes over a thousand years ago, is one of Denmark's oldest cities. From the 11th century until 1443, it was the capital of Denmark.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/510041/Roskilde|title=Roskilde|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=12 December 2014}}</ref> By the [[Middle Ages]], with the support of kings and bishops, it had become one of the most important centres in Scandinavia.<ref name="vrh">{{cite web|title=Roskilde's history|url=http://www.visitroskilde.com/ln-int/roskilde-lejre/roskildes-history|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724195852/http://www.visitroskilde.com/ln-int/roskilde-lejre/roskildes-history|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 July 2013|access-date=9 December 2014|publisher=Visit Roskilde}}</ref> [[Saxo Grammaticus]] and other early sources associate the name ''Roskilde'' (meaning 'Ro's spring') with the legendary [[Hroðgar|King Roar]] who possibly lived there in the 6th century.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Nordisk_Mytologi/Sagnfigurer/Roar_og_Helge|title=Roar og Helge|encyclopedia=Den Store Danske|date=9 December 2015|access-date=23 July 2015|language=da}}</ref> 
[[File:Old mao of Roskilde.jpg|thumb|Old map of Roskilde]]
According to [[Adam of Bremen]] and Saxo Grammaticus, Roskilde was founded in the 980s by [[Harald Bluetooth]]. On high ground above the harbour, he built a wooden church consecrated to the Holy Trinity as well as a royal residence nearby.<ref name=dcbh>{{cite web|url=http://dendigitalebyport.byhistorie.dk/koebstaeder/by.aspx?koebstadID=44|title=Danmarks Købstæder: Roskilde|publisher=Dansk Center for Byhistorie|access-date=9 December 2014|language=da}}</ref> Although no traces of these buildings have been discovered, in 1997 archaeologists found the remains of Viking ships in the [[Isefjord]], the oldest of which is dated to 1030. At the time, there were also two churches in the area: [[St Jørgensbjerg Church|St Jørgensbjerg]], an early stone church, and a wooden church discovered under today's [[St Ib's Church, Roskilde|St Ib's Church]].<ref name=dsdrh>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%C3%B8benhavn/Roskilde/Roskilde_%28Historie%29|title=Roskilde – historie|encyclopedia=Den Store Danske|access-date=9 December 2014|language=da}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sjk.dk/om-kirken/sognets-historie/havneby-ca-1040-ca-1250|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209130347/http://www.sjk.dk/om-kirken/sognets-historie/havneby-ca-1040-ca-1250/|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2014|title=Havneby ca. 1040 – ca. 1250|publisher=Sankt Jørgensbjerg Kirke, Roskilde|access-date=9 December 2014|language=da}}</ref>

In 1020, [[King Canute]] elevated [[Roskilde (titular see)|Roskilde]] to a bishopric, giving it high national status.<ref name=dcbh/> [[Absalon]], the Danish bishop, had a brick church built on the site of Harald's church in 1170. Today's cathedral was completed in 1275 after five of Absalon's successors had contributed to its construction. As a result of Absalon's influence, many other churches were built in the vicinity, making Roskilde the most important town in Zealand. Coins were minted there from the 11th to the 14th century.<ref name=dcbh/> In 1150, [[Sweyn III of Denmark|Sweyn Grathe]] built a moat around the city.<ref name=dsdrh/> In 1135 the town was destroyed by the Pomeranian duke [[Ratibor I, Duke of Pomerania|Ratibor I]]. In 1151/2, a religious confraternity was founded for the defence of the town against [[Wends|Wendish]] pirates. Under the command of [[Wetheman]], it also took part in the [[Wendish Crusade]].<ref>{{citation |first=Janus Møller |last=Jensen |title=Wetheman (d. c. 1170) |encyclopedia=The Crusades: An Encyclopedia |editor=Alan V. Murray |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |volume=4 vols |at=vol. 4, p. 1276}}.</ref> The Roskilde bishops owned large areas of land in the region including, from 1186, Havn on the [[Øresund]] which later became Copenhagen. By the time of the [[Danish Reformation]] in 1536, there were 12 churches and five monasteries in the city.<ref name=dcbh/>
[[File:Roskilde ratusz mpazdziora.jpg|thumb|left|The former city hall of Roskilde, completed in 1884]]
It is unclear when Roskilde became a market town but it was certainly enjoying trading privileges under [[Eric II of Denmark|King Eric II]] who reigned from 1134 to 1137. These privileges were firmly established when the Roskilde City Council granted market town status to other towns on Zealand on 15 June 1268.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dendigitalebyport.byhistorie.dk/privilegier/by.asp?koebstadID=44|title=Den Digitale Byport: Roskilde|publisher=Dansk Center for Byhistorie|access-date=9 December 2014 |language=da}}</ref> By that time, it was probably the largest and most important town in Denmark. In 1370, the city owned 2,600 farms throughout Zealand.<ref name=dsdrh/>

The Reformation brought Roskilde's development to an abrupt stop. While the cathedral continued to be the preferred location for the entombment of the Danish monarchs, most of the other religious institutions disappeared. For the next three centuries, the city suffered a series of disasters including the effects of the [[Dano-Swedish War (1657–58)|Dano-Swedish War]] which terminated with the [[Treaty of Roskilde]] in 1658,<ref name=roscomh>{{cite web|url=http://roskilde.com/cmarter.asp?doc=2963&node=977|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214180148/http://www.roskilde.com/cmarter.asp?doc=2963&node=977|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2007|title=History of Roskilde|publisher=Roskilde.com|access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> the plague in 1710 and 1711,<ref name="Frandsen2010">{{cite book|last=Frandsen|first=Karl-Erik|title=The Last Plague in the Baltic Region, 1709–1713|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3bNWrVRMb8C&pg=PA460|date=January 2010|publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press|isbn=978-87-635-0770-7|pages=460–}}</ref> and a series of fires in 1730.<ref name=roscomh/> Conditions improved in 1835 when the city became the Assembly of the Estates of the Realm ({{Lang|da|Rådgivende Stænderforsamling}}) and in 1847 with the railway connecting Copenhagen and Roskilde.<ref name=dcbh/>

[[File:Maglekilde-Maskinfabrik.jpg|thumb|right|Maglekilde Machine Factory (completed 1865)]]
With the development of the rail network, Roskilde became an important hub for traffic with Copenhagen. In the 1870s and 1880s, the harbour was extended attracting industrial firms to the area. By the end of the century, there were tobacco factories, iron foundries and machine shops. At the beginning of the 20th century, Roskilde first prospered as a satellite community for Copenhagen but then, as ships increased in size, suffered from the fact that the harbour was too small and [[Roskilde Fjord]] too shallow for navigation. Industries began to move out of the harbour area but were still the largest source of employment, thanks in part to the spirits factory (''[[Danish Distillers|De Danske Spritfabrikker]]'') and the slaughterhouse ({{Lang|da|Roskilde Andelssvineslagteri}}).<ref name=dcbh/>

In the 1970s, the city benefited from the [[Danish national road 21|Holbæk Motorway]] which linked it to Copenhagen and the establishment of [[Roskilde University]] in 1972. Since the 1980s, the service sector has prospered, replacing manufacturing industry as the major employer (65% by 2002).<ref name=dcbh/> With the increase in population, several new districts have grown up, including [[Himmelev]] and Kongebakken. Some of the surrounding villages such as [[Svogerslev]], Vor Frue, [[Vindinge, Roskilde Municipality|Vindinge]] and Veddelev have developed as satellite communities.<ref name=dsdr>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_geografi/K%C3%B8benhavn/Roskilde|title=Roskilde|encyclopedia=Den Store Danske|access-date=10 December 2014 |language=da}}</ref>