Editing Ruby-crowned kinglet (section)

==Taxonomy==
The ruby-crowned kinglet was [[species description|formally described]] in 1766 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[12th edition of Systema Naturae|twelfth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]]  ''Motacilla calendula''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1766 | title=Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=12th | volume=1, Part 1 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii  | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | pages=337–338 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42946533 }}</ref> Linnaeus based his description on "The Ruby-crowned wren" that had been described and illustrated in 1758 by English naturalist [[George Edwards (naturalist)|George Edwards]] in his ''Gleanings of Natural History''. Edwards had received dried specimens sent by the American naturalist [[William Bartram]] from Pennsylvania.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | author-link=George Edwards (naturalist) | year=1758| title=Gleanings of Natural History, exhibiting figures of quadrupeds, birds, insects, plants &c... | language=English, French | volume=Part 1 | location=London | publisher=Printed for the author, at the College of Physicians | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56896035 | page=95 Plate 254 }}</ref> The French zoologist [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] in 1760 had also published a description based on Edwards and had coined the Latin name ''Calendula Pensilvanica''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés | volume=3 | language=French, Latin | page=584 | location=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35953683 }}</ref> Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial system]] and are not recognised by the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]].<ref name=allen>{{cite journal |last=Allen | first=J.A. | author-link=Joel Asaph Allen | year=1910 | title=Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=28 | pages=317–335 | hdl=2246/678 }}</ref> Linnaeus specified the [[type locality (biology)|locality]] as Pennsylvania but this is now restricted to [[Philadelphia]].<ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1986 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=11 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=292 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483993 }}</ref>

The kinglets are a small group of birds formerly included in the [[Old World warbler]]s, but now given family status,<ref name = BB852 >{{cite journal |last= Monroe |first= Burt L. |date=February 1992 |title= The new DNA-DNA avian classification: What's it all about? |journal= British Birds |volume=85 |issue= 2|pages=53–61 }}</ref> especially as recent research showed that, despite superficial similarities, the crests are taxonomically remote from the warblers.<ref name= Barker>{{cite journal | last= Barker | first= F Keith |author2=Barrowclough, George F |author3=Groth, Jeff G | year = 2002 | title= A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data | journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B | volume= 269 | pages= 295–308 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2001.1883 | pmid=11839199 | pmc=1690884 | issue=1488}}</ref><ref name= Spicer>{{cite journal | last= Spicer | first= Greg S |author2=Dunipace, Leslie  | year= 2004 | title= Molecular phylogeny of songbirds (Passerifor-mes) inferred from mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences | journal= Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 325–335 | url = http://online.sfsu.edu/~gs/spicer/pages/spicerpdf/spicerdunipace04.pdf| doi = 10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00193-3 | pmid=14715224| bibcode= 2004MolPE..30..325S }}</ref>

The ruby-crowned kinglet was formerly placed in the genus ''[[Regulus_(bird) | Regulus]]''. As a result of its larger size, strongly red (rather than orange or yellow) crest and lack of black crown stripes, as well as its distinctive vocalisations, the ruby-crowned kinglet is considered different enough from the Old World kinglets and the other American species, the golden-crowned kinglet, to be assigned to a separate genus, ''Corthylio'', that was introduced in 1853 by the German ornithologist [[Jean Cabanis]].<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Cabanis | first=Jean  | author-link=Jean Cabanis | year=1853 | title=Zur Naturgeschichte des Pallas'schen Lanbhähnchens, ''Phyllobasileus superciliosus'' | language=German | journal=Journal für Ornithologie | volume=1 | issue=2 | pages=81–96 [83]| doi=10.1007/BF02001971 | bibcode=1853JOrni...1...81C | s2cid=32015484 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13866877 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal | last1=Chesser | first1=R.T. | last2=Billerman | first2=S.M. | last3=Burns | first3=K.J. | last4=Cicero | first4=C. | last5=Dunn | first5=J.L. | last6=Hernández-Baños | first6=B.E. | last7=Kratter | first7=A.W. | last8=Lovette | first8=I.J. | last9=Mason | first9=N.A. | last10=Rasmussen | first10=P.C. | last11=Remsen | first11=J.V.J. | last12=Stotz | first12=D.F. | last13=Winker | first13=K. | date=2021 | title=Sixty-second Supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds | journal=Ornithology | volume=138 | issue=ukab037 | doi=10.1093/ornithology/ukab037 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, Elachura, hyliotas, wrens, gnatcatchers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/sugarbirds/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=20 July 2021 }}</ref> The genus name is from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''korthúlos'', a small wren-like bird mentioned by the Greek lexicographer [[Hesychius of Alexandria]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=119 }}</ref>  Phylogenetic evidence indicates that the ruby-crowned kinglet's lineage diverged from the rest of ''Regulus'' during the mid- to late [[Miocene]], about 10–15 million years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Oliveros|first1=Carl H.|last2=Field|first2=Daniel J.|last3=Ksepka|first3=Daniel T.|last4=Barker|first4=F. Keith|last5=Aleixo|first5=Alexandre|last6=Andersen|first6=Michael J.|last7=Alström|first7=Per|last8=Benz|first8=Brett W.|last9=Braun|first9=Edward L.|last10=Braun|first10=Michael J.|last11=Bravo|first11=Gustavo A.|date=2019-04-16|title=Earth history and the passerine superradiation|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=116|issue=16|pages=7916–7925|doi=10.1073/pnas.1813206116|issn=0027-8424|pmid=30936315|pmc=6475423|bibcode=2019PNAS..116.7916O |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Up to five [[subspecies]] have been described, but "''C. c. cineraceus''", breeding in [[Montane ecosystems|montane]] western [[North America]], and "''C. c. arizonensis''", breeding in [[Arizona]], are considered to be clinal variants of the nominate subspecies.

The three subspecies are:<ref name=ioc/>
* ''C. c. grinnellii'' (Palmer, W, 1897) – Breeds in southeast Alaska (described from [[Sitka, Alaska]]), southwestern Canada and northwestern U.S., in coastal [[temperate rainforest]]. Resident or only a short-distant migrant wintering in western U.S. Darker, and shorter-winged than ''C. c. calendula''.<ref name="Palmer">{{cite journal | journal=The Auk |volume=14 |pages=399–410 |year=1897 |title=The Stikan Kinglet | url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v014n04/p0399-p0401.pdf | access-date=2024-12-14}}</ref>
* ''C. c. calendula'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766) – Breeds in central, eastern Canada and southwestern, west-central, eastern U.S. Winters in northern Central America
* ''C. c. obscurus'' ([[Robert Ridgway|Ridgway]], 1876) – [[Endemism|Endemic]] on [[Guadalupe Island]] off the coast of northwestern Mexico. Darker, with a larger bill, and shorter wings and tail than ''C. c. calendula''. Resident.<ref name="Ridgway">{{cite web | title=Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories | publisher=Government Printing Office | volume=v.2 (1876) | date=1874 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32141266#page/254/mode/1up | access-date=2024-12-14}}</ref>