Editing Ruby slippers (section)

==The slippers==
===''The Wizard of Oz'' (1939)===
In the MGM film, an adolescent farm girl named [[Dorothy Gale]] (played by [[Judy Garland]]), her dog [[Toto (Oz)|Toto]], and their [[Kansas]] farmhouse are swept into the air by a [[tornado]] and transported to the [[Land of Oz]]. The house falls on and kills the [[Wicked Witch of the East]], freeing the [[Munchkin]]s from her tyranny. [[Glinda the Good Witch|Glinda, the Good Witch of the North]] arrives via a magic bubble and shows Dorothy the dead woman's feet sticking out from under the house with the ruby slippers on them. When the [[Wicked Witch of the West]] comes to claim her dead sister's shoes, Glinda magically transfers them to Dorothy's feet. Glinda tells Dorothy never to take them off, as the slippers must be very powerful, or the Wicked Witch would not want them so badly. Throughout the rest of the film, the Wicked Witch schemes to obtain the shoes. She tries to take the slippers when she captures Dorothy, but receives a painful shock. She then realizes that the slippers will only come off if the wearer is dead, so she decides to kill Dorothy. Before she does, however, Dorothy accidentally splashes her with a bucket of water, causing her to melt away. In the end, Glinda reveals that Dorothy can return home by simply closing her eyes, clicking the slippers' heels together three times, and repeating the sentence, "There's no place like home."

[[File:Arabic ruby slippers.jpg|thumb|right|The curled-toe "Arabian" ruby slippers on display at the auction of the collection of [[Debbie Reynolds]] in [[Beverly Hills]] on June 18, 2011]]
The slippers were designed by [[Gilbert Adrian]], MGM's chief costume designer.<ref name="NMAH">{{Cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/news/factsheet.cfm?key=30&newskey=4 |title=Dorothy's Ruby Slippers |publisher=National Museum of American History |access-date=May 20, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325042118/http://americanhistory.si.edu/news/factsheet.cfm?key=30&newskey=4 |archive-date=March 25, 2008 }}</ref><ref name=LATimes/> Initially, two pairs were made in different styles. The so-called "Arabian test pair" was "a wildly jeweled, Arabian motif, with curling toes and heels."<ref name=LATimes/> This pair was used in costume tests,<ref name="SI"/> but was rejected as unsuitable for Dorothy's Kansas farmgirl image.<ref name=LATimes/> The second design was approved with one modification. The red [[Seed bead#Bugle beads|bugle beads]] used to simulate rubies proved too heavy, so they were mostly replaced with [[sequin]]s, about 2,300 for each shoe.<ref name=LATimes/>

At least six or seven pairs of the final design are believed to have been made. According to producer [[Mervyn LeRoy]], "We must have had five or ten pairs of those shoes".<ref name="Oz, Aljean Harmetz p. 308">''The Making of the Wizard of Oz'', Aljean Harmetz, p. 308</ref> The wardrobe woman who worked on the film claimed "six identical pairs" had been made.<ref name=LATimes/> Four pairs used in the movie have been accounted for. Rhys Thomas speculates that they were likely made by Joe Napoli of the Western Costume Company,<ref name=LATimes/> and not all at once, but as the need arose. According to Rhys Thomas in his ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' article, "all the ruby slippers are between Size 5 and 6, varying between B and D widths."<ref name=LATimes/>

The four surviving pairs were made from white silk [[court shoe|pumps]] from the Innes Shoe Company in Los Angeles. Many movie studios used plain white silk shoes at the time because they were inexpensive and easy to dye. It is likely that most of the shoes worn by female characters in ''The Wizard of Oz'' were plain Innes shoes with varying heel heights dyed to match each costume. There is an embossed gold or silver stamp or an embroidered cloth label bearing the name of the company inside each right shoe.<ref name=LATimes/>

The shoes were dyed red, and burgundy sequined organza overlays were attached to each shoe's upper and heel. The three-strip Technicolor film process required the sequins to be darker than most modern red sequins; bright red sequins would have appeared as orange on screen.<ref name=LATimes/> Two weeks before the start of shooting, Adrian added butterfly-shaped red strap leather bows.<ref name=SI/> Each of the [[Art Deco]]-inspired bows had three large, rectangular, red-glass jewels with dark red bugle beads outlined in red glass rhinestones in silver settings. The stones and beads were sewn to the bows, then to the organza-covered shoe. Three pairs of the surviving slippers had orange felt glued to their soles to deaden the sound of Garland dancing on the [[Yellow brick road|Yellow Brick Road]].<ref name="NMAH"/>

One pair, known as "the People's Shoes," is on display at the Smithsonian Institution. However, the shoes do not belong together; their actual mates are the mismatched pair (left sized 5C, right 5BC) stolen in 2005 and recovered in 2018.<ref name="SI2018"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2019/05/19/dorothys-stolen-ruby-slippers-a-bizarre-tale-of-obsession-small-town-gossip-and-a-police-hunt-that-took-13-years.html |title=Dorothy's stolen ruby slippers: a bizarre tale of obsession, small-town gossip and a police hunt that took 13 years |first=Elizabeth Evitts |last=Dickinson |date=May 19, 2019 |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]}}</ref>

Another pair, the close-up or insert shoes, which is in the best shape of all, appears to be better made, has no orange felt on the soles, and has "#7 Judy Garland" written in the lining.  According to the [[Library of Congress]], "it is widely believed that they were used primarily for close-ups and possibly the climactic scene where Dorothy taps her heels together."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/oz/ozsect2.html |title=Ruby Slippers from MGM Film |date=21 April 2000 |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=April 21, 2010}}</ref> Circular scuff marks on the soles support the theory that they were the ones Garland had on when she clicked her heels together.<ref name=Starpulse/>  The lack of felt indicates these were likely also the shoes taken from the feet of the dead Wicked Witch of the East (since the soles are visible in the film),<ref name=Starpulse>{{cite web |url=http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2011/09/22/dorothys_ruby_slippers_from_the_wizard |title=Dorothy's Ruby Slippers From 'The Wizard Of Oz' For Sale |publisher=starpulse.com |date=September 22, 2011 |access-date=October 3, 2011}}</ref> hence their nickname: the "Witch's Shoes".<ref name=LATimes2/>

The last known pair may have been made for Bobbie Koshay, Garland's [[stunt double]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/the-ruby-slippers-return-to-the-museum-of-american-history-30678090/ |title=The Ruby Slippers Return to the Museum of American History |author=Jesse Rhodes |date=November 18, 2008 |magazine=Smithsonian}}</ref> This is most likely the size 6B pair (owned first by Roberta Bauman, then Anthony Landini, and currently by David Elkouby) whose lining says "Double" instead of "Judy Garland". However, some believe this pair may have been the second pair created, therefore explaining the "Double" in the lining, but still worn by Garland and Koshay.<ref name=Profiles>{{cite web |url=http://bid.profilesinhistory.com/Judy-Garland-Dorothy-Gale-screen-worn-ruby-slippers-from-The-Wizard-of-Oz_i11537055 |title=Judy Garland "Dorothy Gale" screen-worn ruby slippers from The Wizard of Oz |publisher=[[Profiles in History]] |access-date=January 26, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130131191429/http://bid.profilesinhistory.com/Judy-Garland-Dorothy-Gale-screen-worn-ruby-slippers-from-The-Wizard-of-Oz_i11537055 |archive-date=January 31, 2013 }}</ref> Several pairs of Garland's own shoes are size 6{{frac|1|2}}. Also, Garland can be seen wearing this pair in photos taken after the film's primary shooting was finished in 1939.

In the film sequence where trees pelt the Scarecrow with their apples, Garland can be briefly glimpsed wearing black shoes instead of the slippers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/wizard-of-oz-ruby-slippers-blooper/ |title=Does 'The Wizard of Oz' Contain This Ruby Slippers Blooper? |first=Bethania |last=Palma |date=July 20, 2022 |publisher=[[Snopes]]}}</ref>

===Subsequent history===
For many years, movie studios were careless with old props, costumes, scripts, and other materials, unaware of or indifferent to their increasing value as memorabilia.<ref name=NYT>{{Cite news |title=Once Movie Trash, Now Collectible |author=Larry Rohter |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=May 26, 1990 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/26/movies/once-movie-trash-now-collectible.html?pagewanted=all |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Often, workers would keep them as souvenirs without permission, aware that their employers did not particularly care.<ref name=NYT/> One of the more notorious of these was costumer [[Kent Warner]], who amassed a large private collection and supplemented his income with sales. He found the slippers in February or March 1970 while helping to set up a [[Film memorabilia#1970 MGM auction|mammoth auction of MGM props and wardrobe]].<ref name=LATimes/> They had been stored and forgotten in the basement of MGM's wardrobe department. One pair became the centerpiece of the auction. Warner kept the best pair for himself, size 5B,<ref name=LATimes2/> and apparently sold the rest.<ref name="SI2018"/>

[[File:Dorothy's Ruby Slippers, Wizard of Oz 1938.jpg|thumb|An original pair on display at the [[Smithsonian Institution]].]]
The slippers in the MGM auction (size 5C) were bought for $15,000 by a lawyer acting for an unidentified client.<ref name="Oz, Aljean Harmetz p. 308"/> This is believed to be the pair on permanent exhibition in the Popular Culture wing of the [[National Museum of American History]] at the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in [[Washington, D.C.]],<ref name="NMAH"/> though the donor insisted on anonymity.<ref name=LATimes/> Dr. [[Brent Glass]], the director of the museum, appeared on the January 23, 2008, ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'' with the slippers and informed [[Oprah Winfrey]] that "they were worn by Judy Garland during her dance routines on the Yellow Brick Road because there's felt on the bottom of these slippers."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/Classic-Americana/15 |title=The Ruby Slippers Travel to Chicago |publisher=oprah.com |access-date=April 21, 2010}}</ref> However, according to Rhys Thomas, all but one pair had an orange felt on the soles.<ref name=LATimes/> This pair is undergoing rapid deterioration from aging, and the museum is raising money to fund research on preservation.<ref name="SI2018"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Domonoske |first=Camila |date=October 20, 2016 |title=Save The Ruby Slippers: Smithsonian Seeks Funds To Preserve Dorothy's Shoes |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/20/498666214/save-the-ruby-slippers-smithsonian-seeks-funds-to-preserve-dorothys-shoes |access-date=October 20, 2016}}</ref>

Another pair was initially owned by a Tennessee woman named Roberta Bauman (1922–2009), who got them by placing second in a National Four Star Club "Name the Best Movies of 1939" contest.<ref name=LATimes>{{Cite news |title=The Ruby Slippers: A Journey to the Land of Oz |author=Rhys Thomas |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 13, 1988 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-03-13-ca-1511-story.html}}</ref> In 1988, auction house Christie's sold them for $150,000 plus $15,000 [[buyer's premium]] to Anthony Landini. Landini worked with [[The Walt Disney Company]] to start showing them at the [[Disney's Hollywood Studios|Disney/MGM Studios]]' Florida Theme Park in the queue for [[The Great Movie Ride]], whose facade and queue area are themed after [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre|Grauman's Chinese Theater]] in Los Angeles.  They were visible at the ride's debut in 1989. Landini auctioned his pair of slippers, again at Christie's East, on May 24, 2000, for $666,000 (including the buyer's premium). They were sold to David Elkouby and his partners, who own memorabilia shops in Hollywood. Elkouby and Co. has yet to display the shoes.

The pair Warner kept, the "Witch's Shoes," was in the best condition. Warner sold the shoes in 1981 to an unknown buyer through Christie's East for $12,000. Two weeks after Landini bought his slippers, this pair resurfaced and was offered privately through Christie's to the under-bidder of the Bauman shoes, Philip Samuels of St. Louis, Missouri. Samuels bought them for the same price Landini had paid, $165,000. He has used his shoes to fund children's charities, and has lent them to the Smithsonian when their slippers are cleaned, repaired, or (previously) on tour. Auction house [[Profiles in History]] announced this pair would highlight its December 15–17, 2011 Icons of Hollywood auction.<ref name=Starpulse/> In an interview, [[Joe Maddalena]], head of Profiles in History, estimated that they would go for two to three million dollars.<ref name=Maddalena>{{cite web |url=http://www.moviepropcollectors.com/magazine/2011/11/17/video-interview-with-joe-maddalena-judy-garlands-ruby-slippers/ |title=Interview: Joe Maddalena & Judy Garland Wizard of Oz Ruby Slippers |publisher=moviepropcollectors.com |date=November 17, 2011 |access-date=November 18, 2011}}</ref><ref name=Nelson/> They were offered with a starting [[Reservation price|reserve price]] of two million dollars on December 16, 2011, but did not sell.<ref name=Profiles/> Actor [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] and other benefactors, including director [[Steven Spielberg]], made it possible for the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] to acquire the pair for an undisclosed price in February 2012 for their forthcoming museum.<ref name="SI2018"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.profilesinhistory.com/press-releases/ruby-slippers-acquired-by-academy-of-motion-picture-arts-and-sciences-dp1 |title=The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Acquires the Ruby Slippers |publisher=Profiles in History auction house |date=February 22, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428155049/http://www.profilesinhistory.com/press-releases/ruby-slippers-acquired-by-academy-of-motion-picture-arts-and-sciences-dp1 |archive-date=April 28, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ruby slippers find a new home at movie academy |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=February 22, 2012 |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2012/02/wizard-of-oz-ruby-slippers-new-home-movie-academy.html}}</ref>

Kent Warner sold one pair to Michael Shaw in 1970.<ref name=LATimes2/> These were stolen from an exhibit at the Judy Garland Museum in Grand Rapids, Minnesota, on the night of August 27–28, 2005.<ref name="Forbes">{{cite magazine |author=Monte Burke |date=December 3, 2008 |title=Inside The Search For Dorothy's Slippers |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/12/03/wizard-slippers-collection-forbeslife-cx_mb_1203slippers.html |access-date=April 28, 2010 |magazine=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Brooks |first=Jennifer |date=October 18, 2016 |title=What a world, what a world: Ruby slippers still missing from Minnesota's Judy Garland Museum |website=Star Tribune |url=http://www.startribune.com/what-a-world-what-a-world-stolen-ruby-slippers-still-missing-from-minnesota-s-judy-garland-museum/397525721/ |access-date=October 20, 2016}}</ref> In 2015, the [[Associated Press]] reported that an anonymous donor had offered a $1 million reward for information about the stolen slippers.<ref>{{cite news |title=$1 million reward offered for stolen Judy Garland slippers |agency=Associated Press |date=July 11, 2015 |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/958ee83929104907b80b387d92bb71e8/1-million-reward-offered-stolen-judy-garland-slippers}}</ref> On September 4, 2018, the FBI announced the stolen pair had been recovered after a 13-year search.<ref name="SI2018"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bierschbach |first1=Briana |title=No place like home: Dorothy's ruby slippers recovered |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/09/04/stolen-dorthy-ruby-slippers-wizard-of-ozrecovered |website=www.mprnews.org|date=4 September 2018 }}</ref> On March 16, 2023, a federal grand jury indicted a Minnesota man on one count of theft.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/18/style/minnesota-theft-wizard-of-oz-ruby-red-slippers/index.html |title=Minnesota man indicted over theft of ruby slippers from 'The Wizard of Oz' |first1=Tina |last1=Burnside |first2=Oscar |last2=Holland |date=May 18, 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> He pleaded guilty and was sentenced to time served in January 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/minnesota/news/terry-jon-martin-wizard-of-oz-ruby-slippers-thief-sentencing/ |title=Man who stole ruby slippers from "The Wizard of Oz" sentenced to time served|date=January 29, 2024}}</ref>  On December 7, 2024, this pair was sold at auction for $28 million by [[Heritage Auctions]] (ultimately $32.5 million after auction house's fees are included),<ref name=Nelson>{{cite news|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/dorothys-ruby-slippers-from-the-wizard-of-oz-movie-sell-for-a-whopping-28-m-at-auction-1234726551/|author=George Nelson|date=December 9, 2024|title=Dorothy’s Red Ruby Slippers from ‘The Wizard of Oz’ Sell for a Whopping $28 M. at Auction|work=ART News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/07/us/wizard-of-oz-ruby-slippers-auction/index.html |title=Pair of Judy Garland's ruby slippers from 'The Wizard of Oz' sell at auction for $28 million |first=Maria Sole |last=Campinoti |date=December 7, 2024 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2024/12/09/g-s1-37429/ruby-slippers-wizard-oz-are-auction-record|date=December 9, 2024|title=Ruby slippers worn in 'The Wizard of Oz' are auctioned for a record $28 million|work=NPR}}</ref> making it the most "valuable movie memorabilia ever sold at auction," according to Heritage Auctions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gomez |first=Julia |title=Dorothy's ruby slippers featured in 'The Wizard of Oz' auction for over $30 million |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2024/12/08/ruby-slippers-auction-wizard-of-oz/76850445007/ |date=December 8, 2024 |access-date=December 9, 2024 |newspaper=USA Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Over 800 people bid on the item, including the Judy Garland Museum, attempting to buy the slippers back from Shaw, who had repossessed the pair after it had been recovered by the FBI.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-07 |title=Judy Garland's ruby slippers from "The Wizard of Oz" go for $28 million at auction - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/judy-garland-ruby-slippers-wizard-of-oz-auction-28-million-dollars/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

The very elaborate curled-toe "Arabian" pair was owned by actress and memorabilia preservationist [[Debbie Reynolds]]. She acknowledged she got them from Kent Warner.<ref name=LATimes2>{{Cite news |title=The Ruby Slippers: The Search for Sole Survivors |first=Rhys |last=Thomas |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 20, 1988 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-03-20-ca-2388-story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222192810/http://articles.latimes.com/1988-03-20/entertainment/ca-2388_1_ruby-slipper |archive-date=February 22, 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=November 8, 2021}}</ref> These slippers were sold for $510,000 (not including the buyer's premium) in the June 2011 auction as part of the actress's collection.<ref name=Maddalena/><ref>{{cite web |title=Debbie Reynolds Hollywood Auction Mega Success: Marilyn Monroe dress sold for $4.6 million |publisher=International Business News |date=June 20, 2011 |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/166071/20110620/debbie-reynolds-marilyn-monroe-audrey-hepburn.htm}}</ref>