Editing Ruminant (section)

==Taxonomy and evolution==
The first fossil ruminants appeared in the [[Early Eocene]] and were small, likely omnivorous, forest-dwellers.<ref name=DeMiguel>{{cite journal | last1 = DeMiguel | first1 = D. | last2 = Azanza | first2 = B. | last3 = Morales | first3 = J. | year = 2014| title = Key Innovations in Ruminant Evolution: A Paleontological Perspective | journal = Integrative Zoology | volume = 9| issue = 4| pages = 412–433| doi = 10.1111/1749-4877.12080 | pmid=24148672}}</ref> Artiodactyls with cranial appendages first occur in the early [[Miocene]].<ref name=DeMiguel />

===Phylogeny===
'''Ruminantia''' is a [[crown group]] of ruminants within the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Artiodactyla]], [[cladistically]] defined by Spaulding et al. as "the least inclusive clade that includes ''[[Bos taurus]]'' (cow) and ''[[Tragulus napu]]'' (mouse deer)". '''Ruminantiamorpha''' is a higher-level [[clade]] of artiodactyls, cladistically defined by Spaulding et al. as "Ruminantia plus all extinct taxa more closely related to extant members of Ruminantia than to any other living species."<ref name="Spaulding2009">{{cite journal|pmc=2740860 | pmid=19774069 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007062 | volume=4 | issue=9 | title=Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) among mammals: increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution | year=2009 | journal=PLOS ONE | pages=e7062 | last1 = Spaulding | first1 = M | last2 = O'Leary | first2 = MA | last3 = Gatesy | first3 = J| bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.7062S | doi-access=free }}</ref> This is a [[stem-based taxon|stem-based]] definition for Ruminantiamorpha, and is more inclusive than the [[crown group]] Ruminantia. As a crown group, Ruminantia only includes the [[last common ancestor]] of all [[extant taxon|extant]] (living) ruminants and their descendants (living or [[extinct]]), whereas Ruminantiamorpha, as a stem group, also includes more [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] extinct ruminant ancestors that are more closely related to living ruminants than to other members of Artiodactyla. When considering only living taxa ([[neontology]]), this makes Ruminantiamorpha and Ruminantia [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonymous]], and only Ruminantia is used. Thus, Ruminantiamorpha is only used in the context of [[paleontology]]. Accordingly, Spaulding grouped some genera of the [[extinct]] family [[Anthracotheriidae]] within Ruminantiamorpha (but not in Ruminantia), but placed others within Ruminantiamorpha's sister clade, [[Cetancodontamorpha]].<ref name="Spaulding2009"/>

Ruminantia's placement within [[Artiodactyla]] can be represented in the following [[cladogram]]:<ref>{{cite journal|year=2006|title=A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals|journal=BMC Evol Biol|volume=6|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-6-93|pmc=1654192|pmid=17101039|last= Beck|first= N.R.|pages=93 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="O'Leary2013">{{cite journal|last1= O'Leary|first1= M.A.|last2= Bloch|first2= J.I.|last3= Flynn|first3= J.J.|last4= Gaudin|first4= T.J.|last5= Giallombardo|first5= A.|last6= Giannini|first6= N.P.|last7= Goldberg|first7= S.L.|last8= Kraatz|first8= B.P.|last9= Luo|first9= Z.-X.|last10= Meng|first10= J.|last11= Ni|first11= X.|last12= Novacek|first12= M.J.|last13= Perini|first13= F.A.|last14= Randall|first14= Z.S.|last15= Rougier|first15= G.W.|last16= Sargis|first16= E.J.|last17= Silcox|first17= M.T.|last18= Simmons|first18= N.B.|last19= Spaulding|first19= M.|last20= Velazco|first20= P.M.|last21= Weksler|first21= M.|last22= Wible|first22= J.R.|last23= Cirranello|first23= A.L.|title= The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post-K-Pg Radiation of Placentals|journal= Science|volume= 339|issue= 6120|year= 2013|pages= 662–667|doi= 10.1126/science.1229237|pmid= 23393258|bibcode= 2013Sci...339..662O|s2cid= 206544776|hdl= 11336/7302|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref name="Song2012">{{cite journal|last1= Song|first1= S.|last2= Liu|first2= L.|last3= Edwards|first3= S.V.|last4= Wu|first4= S.|title= Resolving conflict in eutherian mammal phylogeny using phylogenomics and the multispecies coalescent model|journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume= 109|issue= 37|year= 2012|pages= 14942–14947|doi= 10.1073/pnas.1211733109|pmid= 22930817|pmc= 3443116|bibcode= 2012PNAS..10914942S|doi-access= free}}</ref><ref name="dos Reis2012">{{cite journal|last1=dos Reis|first1= M.|last2= Inoue|first2= J.|last3= Hasegawa|first3= M.|last4= Asher|first4= R.J.|last5= Donoghue|first5= P.C.J.|last6= Yang|first6= Z.|title= Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny|journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume= 279|issue= 1742|year= 2012|pages= 3491–3500|doi= 10.1098/rspb.2012.0683|pmid= 22628470|pmc= 3396900|doi-access= free}}</ref><ref name="Upham2019">{{cite journal|last1= Upham|first1= N.S.|last2= Esselstyn|first2= J.A.|last3= Jetz|first3= W.|title= Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution, and conservation|journal= PLOS Biology|volume= 17|issue= 12|year= 2019|pages= e3000494|doi= 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494|pmid= 31800571|pmc= 6892540|doi-access= free}}(see e.g. Fig S10)</ref>

{{Clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
       |label1=[[Artiodactyla]]
       |1={{Clade
         |1=[[Tylopoda]] (camels)[[File:Cladogram of Cetacea within Artiodactyla (Camelus bactrianus).png|50 px]]
         |label2=[[Artiofabula]]
         |2={{Clade
               |1=[[Suina]] (pigs)[[File:Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères (Pl. 80) (white background).jpg|50 px]]
               |label2=[[Cetruminantia]]
               |2={{Clade
                   |label1='''Ruminantia''' (ruminants)
                   |1={{Clade
                      |1=[[Tragulidae]] (mouse deer)[[File:Tragulus napu - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|50 px]]
                      |2=[[Pecora]] (horn bearers)[[File:Walia ibex illustration white background.png|50 px]]
                      }}
                   |label2=[[Cetancodonta]]/[[Whippomorpha]]
                   |2={{Clade
                      |1=[[Hippopotamidae]] (hippopotamuses)[[File:Voyage en Abyssinie Plate 2 (white background).jpg|50 px]]
                      |2=[[Cetacea]] (whales)[[File:Bowhead-Whale1 (16273933365).jpg|50 px]]
                      }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}

Within Ruminantia, the [[Tragulidae]] (mouse deer) are considered the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] family,<ref name="Kulemzina2011">{{cite journal|last1=Kulemzina|first1=Anastasia I.|last2=Yang|first2=Fengtang|last3=Trifonov|first3=Vladimir A.|last4=Ryder|first4=Oliver A.|last5=Ferguson-Smith|first5=Malcolm A.|last6=Graphodatsky|first6=Alexander S.|title=Chromosome painting in Tragulidae facilitates the reconstruction of Ruminantia ancestral karyotype|journal=Chromosome Research|volume=19|issue=4|year=2011|pages=531–539|issn=0967-3849|doi=10.1007/s10577-011-9201-z|pmid=21445689|s2cid=8456507}}</ref> with the remaining ruminants classified as belonging to the [[Order (biology)|infraorder]] [[Pecora]]. Until the beginning of the 21st century it was understood that the family [[Moschidae]] (musk deer) was [[sister taxon|sister]] to [[Cervidae]]. However, a 2003 [[phylogenetic]] study by Alexandre Hassanin (of [[National Museum of Natural History, France]]) and colleagues, based on [[mitochondria]]l and [[nucleus (biology)|nuclear]] analyses, revealed that [[Moschidae]] and [[Bovidae]] form a [[clade]] sister to [[Cervidae]]. According to the study, Cervidae [[genetic divergence|diverged]] from the Bovidae-Moschidae clade 27 to 28 million years ago.<ref name="Hassanin2003">{{cite journal | last1=Hassanin | first1=A. | last2=Douzery | first2=E. J. P. | title=Molecular and morphological phylogenies of Ruminantia and the alternative position of the Moschidae | journal=Systematic Biology | date=2003 | volume=52 | issue=2 | pages=206–28 | doi=10.1080/10635150390192726 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10760976 | pmid=12746147| doi-access=free }}</ref> The following [[cladogram]] is based on a large-scale genome ruminant genome sequence study from 2019:<ref name=RumiantPhylo2020>{{Cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = L. | last2 = Qiu | first2 = Q. | last3 = Jiang | first3 = Y. | last4 = Wang | first4 = K. | title = Large-scale ruminant genome sequencing provides insights into their evolution and distinct traits | doi = 10.1126/science.aav6202 | journal = Science | volume = 364 | issue = 6446 | pages =  eaav6202| year = 2019 | pmid =  31221828| bibcode = 2019Sci...364.6202C| doi-access = free }}</ref>

{{Clade | style=font-size: 100%; line-height:100%
 |label1='''Ruminantia'''
 |1={{clade
  |label1=[[Tragulina]]
  |1=[[Tragulidae]] [[File:Tragulus napu - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|50 px]]
  |label2=[[Pecora]]
  |2={{clade
   |1={{clade
    |1=[[Antilocapridae]] [[File:Antilocapra white background.jpg|50 px]]
    |2=[[Giraffidae]] [[File:Giraffa camelopardalis Brockhaus white background.jpg|50 px]] }}
   |2={{clade
    |1=[[Cervidae]] [[File:The deer of all lands (1898) Hangul white background.png|50 px]]
    |2={{clade
     |1=[[Bovidae]] [[File:Birds and nature (1901) (14562088237) white background.jpg |50px]]
     |2=[[Moschidae]] [[File:Moschus chrysogaster white background.jpg|50 px]] }} }} }} }} }}

[[File:Gazelle rumination - zoom.webm|thumb|250px|An [[impala]] swallowing and then regurgitating food – a behaviour known as "chewing the cud"]]

===Classification===
* '''Order [[Artiodactyla]]'''
** Suborder [[Tylopoda]]: [[camel]]s and [[llama]]s, 7 living species in 3 genera
** Suborder [[Suina]]: [[pig]]s and [[peccaries]]
** Suborder [[Cetruminantia]]: ruminants, [[whale]]s and [[hippo]]s
*** '''unranked Ruminantia'''
**** Infraorder [[Tragulina]] (paraphyletic)<ref name="Clauss2014"/>
***** Family †[[Leptomerycidae]]
***** Family †[[Hypertragulidae]]
***** Family †[[Praetragulidae]]
***** Family †[[Gelocidae]]
***** Family †[[Bachitheriidae]]
***** Family [[Tragulidae]]: [[chevrotain]]s, 6 living species in 4 genera
***** Family †[[Archaeomerycidae]]
***** Family †[[Lophiomerycidae]]
**** Infraorder [[Pecora]]
***** Family [[Cervidae]]: [[deer]] and [[moose]], 49 living species in 16 genera
***** Family †[[Palaeomerycidae]]
***** Family †[[Dromomerycidae]]
***** Family †[[Hoplitomerycidae]]
***** Family †[[Climacoceratidae]]
***** Family [[Giraffidae]]: [[giraffe]] and [[okapi]], 2 living species in 2 genera
***** Family [[Antilocapridae]]: [[pronghorn]], one living species in one genus
***** Family [[Moschidae]]: [[musk deer]], 4 living species in one genus
***** Family [[Bovidae]]: [[cattle]], [[capra (genus)|goat]]s, [[sheep]], and [[antelope]], 143 living species in 53 genera