Editing Rusyns (section)

== Ethnonyms ==
The term '''Rusyn''' ({{Langx|rue|Русин|translit=}}, plural {{Langx|rue|Русины|translit=Rusynŷ|label=none}}) originates from the archaic [[ethnonym]] "[[Rus' (term)|''Rus''{{'}}]]". The respective [[Endonym and exonym|endonymic]] adjective has traditionally been {{Transliteration|rue|rusʹkŷi}} ({{Langx|rue|руськый|label=none}} [[Masculine noun|m.]], {{Langx|rue|руська|label=none}} [[Feminine noun|f.]], {{Langx|rue|руське/руськое|label=none}} [[Neuter noun|n.]]), though {{Transliteration|rue|rusynʹskŷi}} ({{Langx|rue|русиньскый, русинськый, русинский, русиньскій, русински|label=none}}) has also been used; even more so after 1989.{{sfn|Rusinko|2003|p=7}}{{sfn|Magocsi|Pop|2005|pp=433–434}}

In interwar Czechoslovakia, ''Ruthenia'' was called {{Langx|cs|Rusinsko|label=none}} in Czech; sometimes rendered ''Rusinia'' or ''Rusynia'' in American-Rusyn publications.{{sfn|Magocsi|Pop|2005|pp=330, 423, 434, 481}}

=== Regional identifiers ===
'''Carpatho-Rusyn''' or ''Carpatho-Ruthenian'' ({{Transliteration|rue|Karpato-Rusyny}}) is the main regional designation for Rusyns. The term refers to [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] ({{Transliteration|rue|Karpatsʹka Rusʹ}}), which is a historical cross-border region encompassing Subcarpathian Rus' (in northeastern Slovakia and Ukraine's [[Zakarpattia Oblast]]), [[Prešov Region]] (in eastern Slovakia), the Lemko Region (in southeastern Poland), and Maramureş (in north-central Romania). In the Lemko region, the endonym ''Lemko'' (pl. {{Transliteration|rue|Lemkŷ}}) became more common in the twentieth century, along with ''Lemko-Rusyn'' since the 1990s.{{sfn|Magocsi|Pop|2005|pp=433–434}}

The variant '''Rusnak''' ({{Langx|rue|Руснак|label=none}}; plural: {{Transliteration|rue|Rusnakŷ}} or Pannonian-Rusyn, ''Rusnatsi'') was also (and still is) used as an [[endonym]];{{sfn|Rusinko|2003|p=7}}{{sfn|Magocsi|Pop|2005|pp=433–434}} particularly by Rusyns outside the Carpathians in [[Vojvodina]], Serbia and [[Slavonia]], Croatia. However, they may also referred to as ''Vojvodinian Rusyns'' ({{Transliteration|rue|voivodianski Rusnatsi}}), ''Bachka-Srem Rusyns'' ({{Transliteration|rue|bachvansʹko-srimski rusnatsi}}), or formerly as ''Yugoslav Rusyns'' ({{Transliteration|rue|iuzhnoslaviansʹki Rusnatsi}}).{{sfn|Magocsi|Pop|2005|pp=433–434}}

Other terms such as Ruthene, Rusniak, Lemak, Lyshak, and Lemko are considered by some scholars to be historic, local, or [[synonym]]ic names for these inhabitants of Transcarpathia. Others hold that the terms Lemko and Rusnak are simply regional variations for Rusyns or Ruthenes.<ref name="Magocsi" />

Rusyns have at times also been referred to as ''Uhro-Rusyn'' ({{Transliteration|rue|Uhro-Rus}}) in the regions of [[Prešov]], Slovakia and [[Carpathian Ruthenia]].

=== Rus' ===
{{Main|Rus' (term)}}
Several endonyms such as Rus' and Rusyn were used widely by the [[East Slavs]] of [[Kievan Rus']] during the medieval period. Common endonymic use of those terms continued through the life of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].

Parallel, medieval [[Latin language|Latin]] terms such as ''Rusi'', ''Russi'' or ''Rusci'' are found in sources of the period and were commonly used as an [[exonym]] for the East Slavs.{{sfn|Magocsi|Pop|2005|pp=433–434}}<ref name="Magocsi" /><ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064505/Ruthenian|entry=Rusyn|author=Paul Robert Magocsi|title=Rusyn &#124; people &#124; Britannica |date=2015|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|quote=Rusyn, Rusyn ruskyi, also called Ruthenian, Carpatho-Rusyn, Lemko, or Rusnak, any of several East Slavic peoples (modern-day Belarusians, Ukrainians, and Carpatho-Rusyns) and their languages|access-date=2022-02-17|archive-date=2008-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622132854/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064505/Ruthenian|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Ruthenian ===
{{Main|Ruthenians}}
Since the end of the 11th century, the [[exonym]]ic term '''Rutheni''' ([[Ruthenes]]) was also used by some Latin sources of western provenance as an alternative term for all East Slavs. During the rule of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], the scope of ''Rutheni'' gradually narrowed to only refer to inhabitants of the East Slavic regions that now mostly belong to the states of [[Belarus]] and [[Ukraine]].

After the [[Partitions of Poland]], ''Rutheni'' "came to be associated primarily with those [East Slavs] who lived under the [[Habsburg monarchy]]" (and was used as an official designation in the [[Austrian Empire]] after 1843).<ref name="John-Paul Himka 2001">{{cite encyclopedia |author=John-Paul Himka |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRuthenians.htm |title=Ruthenians |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine|Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|year=2001|isbn=978-1-4426-3289-9|volume=4|orig-date=1993|access-date=2022-02-17|archive-date=2021-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202010500/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRuthenians.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], ''Ruthene'' was used as the official term for the Rusyn people ({{Langx|hu|rutén or ruszin}}) of Transcarpathia until 1945.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rusyn.hu/hu/kulturalis-ertekeink-es-hagyomanyaink |title=Kultúra és hagyományok |last=Udvari |first=István |date=7 March 2017 |website=www.rusyn.hu |publisher=Országos Ruszin Önkormányzat - Вседержавноє Русинськоє Самосправованя |access-date=17 February 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202010430/http://www.rusyn.hu/hu/kulturalis-ertekeink-es-hagyomanyaink |url-status=live}}</ref> During the early twentieth century the term "became even more restricted: it was generally used to refer to the inhabitants of Transcarpathia and to Transcarpathian emigrants in the [[United States]]", for whom the terms Rusyn and Carpatho-Rusyn are more commonly used since the 1970s.<ref name="John-Paul Himka 2001" />

In some non-[[Slavic languages|Slavic]] languages, Rusyns may be referred to by exonymic or somewhat archaic terms such as ''Carpatho-Ruthenes'' or ''Carpatho-Ruthenians'', but such terminology is not present in the [[Rusyn language]]. Exonymic ''[[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]]'' designations are seen as less precise because they encompass various East Slavic groups and bear broader ethnic connotations as a result of varied historical usage.{{sfn|Himka|1999|pp=5–8, 135–138}}{{sfn|Magocsi|2011a|p=177}}{{sfn|Magocsi|2015|pp=2–5}}

=== Carpatho-Russian ===
From the mid 1800s and well into the mid 1900s, many Catholic and Orthodox Rusyns in Europe and the United States referred to themselves as '''Carpatho-Russians''' or sometimes as Carpathian Russians''.'' This terminology was also popular with some foreign authors and was and is still being used within the Rusyn diaspora. For example, the popular newspaper of the [[Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church|Byzantine (Greek) Catholic Church]] in the U.S. for decades known as the ‘[https://www.loc.gov/item/sn85054872/ Greek Catholic Union Messenger]’, used the term Carpatho-Russian up until the 1950s (in the 1960s the term Ruthenian briefly came into vogue).<ref name="Warzeski 1971 p248-249" /> As well, the [[American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese]], with as of 2010 over 10,400 members and 79 parishes in the United States and Canada (and founded by former Byzantine Catholic members), still uses the term Carpatho-Russian on a regular basis. Finally, as of the 21st Century, one can often hear Rusyn Americans within the [[Orthodox Church in America|OCA]] and [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia|ROCOR]] Orthodox churches self-identify as Carpatho-Russian, and indeed, literature of both these Orthodox bodies commonly uses the terminology Carpatho-Russian to describe Rusyns.{{sfn|Magocsi|Pop|2005|pp=433–434}}{{Efn|Magocsi (2002): "[''Rus&apos;''] was and in some cases still is 'translated' as Russia, with the result that Carpathian Rus' and its Rusyn inhabitants are incorrectly described as Carpatho-Russia and Carpatho-Russians. By contast, Rusyn sources have almost always used the noun Rus' to describe all or part of the Carpathian homeland: ''Karpats'ka Rus', Podkarpats'ka Rus', Priashivs'ka Rus','' or ''Uhors'ka Rus'.''"}}