Editing Sainte-Geneviève Library (section)

==History==
{{Main|Abbey of St Genevieve}}

===The Monastic library===
The [[Abbey of St Genevieve]] is said to have been founded by King [[Clovis I]] and his queen, [[Clotilde]]. It was located near the present church of [[Saint-Étienne-du-Mont]] and the present [[Panthéon]], which was built atop the original abbey church. The abbey was said to have been founded at the beginning of the 6th century at the suggestion of Saint [[Genevieve]], who selected the site, across from the original Roman forum.  She died in 502 and Clovis died in 511, and the basilica was completed in 520. It held the tombs of Saint Genevieve, Clovis, and his descendants.<ref>Peyré, Yves, La bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève À travers les siècles'' (2011), pg. 12''</ref>

By the 9th century, the basilica had been transformed into an Abbey church, and a large monastery had grown up around it, including a [[scriptorium]] for the creation and copying of texts. The first record of the existence of the Sainte-Genevieve library dates from 831, and mentions the donation of three texts to the Abbey. The texts created or copied included works of history and literature, as well as theology, However, in the course of the 9th century, the [[Vikings]] raided Paris three times.  While the settlement on the Ile-de-la-Cité was protected by the river, the abbey of Saint-Genevieve was sacked, and the books lost or carried away.<ref>Peyré (2011), pg. 14</ref>

The library was gradually reassembled.  During the reign of [[Louis VI of France]] (1108–1137) the Abbey had a particularly important role in European scholarship.  The doctrines originally taught by [[Saint Augustine]], and promoted by [[Suger]] (1081–1151), the influential religious advisor to the King, required the reading aloud of scriptures, and specified that each monastery have a workshop to produce books and place to keep them.<ref name="auto">Peyré (2011), pg. 16</ref> From 1108 to 1113, the scholar [[Peter Abelard]] taught at the Abbey school, challenging many aspects of traditional theology and philosophy. 
Around about 1108, the theology school of the Abbey of Saint Genevieve, was joined with the School of Notre Dame Cathedral and the school of the Royal Palace to form the future [[University of Paris]].<ref name="auto" />[[File:Sainte-Geneviève Library 2011 © FRANCK BOHBOT.jpg|thumb]]By the early 13th century the university library was already famous throughout Europe.  The early holdings of the library from this time are listed in a 13th-century inventory (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS lat. 16203, fol. 71v). The 226 titles and authors included in the 13th century inventory include bibles, commentaries and ecclesiastical history; but also books on philosophy, law, science and literature.  It was open not only to students, but also to French and foreign scholars. The manuscripts were of considerable value: each manuscript was marked with a warning notice that any person who stole or damaged a manuscript would be punished by [[anathema]], or [[excommunication]] from the church.<ref>Peyré (2011), pg. 18</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Bible de Manerius - BSG Ms.8 f7 - La Genèse.jpg|First page of The Book of Genesis, Bible of Manerius ({{Circa|1185}}),  (BSG Ms.8 f7) 
File:Sacre de Louis IV d'Outre-Mer REims.png|Illuminated manuscript of the Coronation of King [[Louis IV of France]] (1275–1280) (''Grandes Chroniques de France'' Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève,Ms. 782)
File:Naissance de Philippe Auguste.png|The birth of King [[Philip-Augustus]] (1275–1280) (''Grandes Chroniques de France'', Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Ms. 782, folio 280)
File:Livy, Paris, Sainte-Geneviève, Ms. 777.jpg|Illumination in a manuscript of [[Livy]], ''Ab urbe conduit'', showing the foundation of Rome. (c. 1370) The manuscript belonged to king Charles V of France. Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Ms. 777, fol. 7r.
File:Évangéliaire à l'usage de l'abbaye Sainte-Geneviève - BSG Ms106 f1r (Entrée à Jérusalem).jpeg|New Testament from the Abbey Sainte-Geneviève depicting the entry of Christ into Jerusalem Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève (circa 1525–1530)  (Ms. 106 f1r (Entrée à Jérusalem)
</gallery>

===15th Century to the 18th century===
Shortly after [[Johannes Gutenberg|Gutenberg]] produced his first printed books in the mid-15th century, the library began collecting printed books.  The University of Paris invited several of his collaborators to Paris to begin a new publishing house. The library possesses a text of the ''[[Hypnerotomachia Poliphili]]'' published in 1499, with engravings after the drawings of [[Andrea Mantegna]] and [[Giovanni Bellini]].  At the same time, the Abbey continued to produce manuscripts illuminated by hand. The [[Wars of Religion]] seriously disrupted the activities of the library.  In the 16th and 17th century the library ceased to acquire new books and stopped producing catalogs of its holdings. Many manuscripts were dispersed and sold.<ref>Peyré (2011) pp. 24–25.</ref>

[[File:Salle de lecture Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve n03.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Reading room of the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève]]

The library was brought back to life beginning in 1619, during the reign of [[Louis XIII]], by Cardinal [[François de La Rochefoucauld (cardinal)|Francois de Rochefoucauld]].  He saw the library as an important weapon of the [[Counter-Reformation]] against Protestantism.  He donated six hundred volumes from his personal collection.<ref>Peyré (2011) pp. 28–29</ref>  The new library director, Jean Fronteau, asked writers including [[Pierre Corneille]], and famous librarians including [[Gabriel Naudé]], to help update and expand the collection. However, he had to leave, under suspicion of being a heretical [[Jansenist]].<ref>Peyré (2011) pp. 30–31.</ref>  He was succeeded by Claude Du Mollinet, librarian from 1673 until 1687. Du Mollinet founded a famous small museum, the ''Cabinet of Curiosities'', with Egyptian, Greek and Roman antiquities, medals, rare minerals and stuffed animals, within the library.  By 1687 the library possessed twenty thousand books, and four hundred manuscripts.<ref name="auto3">Peyré (2011) pp. 32–33.</ref>

During the late 18th century, the library acquired copies of the major works of the [[Age of the Enlightenment]], including the ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' of [[Denis Diderot]] and [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]].  In the same spirit, the library and the Cabinet of Curiosities were opened to the public.  The Library was still attached to the Abbey and the University of Paris, but it ceased to be a library of theology only; by the mid-eighteenth century a majority of the works were in other fields of knowledge. While the Abbey still paid part of the cost, the major part was paid by the City of Paris.<ref name="auto3"/>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Horloge astronomique Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve.jpg|The [[Astronomical Clock]] (17th century)
File:Globe celeste Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve.jpg|The celestial globe, from the cabinet of curiosities (17th century)
File:Baton de ceremonie BSG inv1943-145.jpg|Ceremonial [[Arawak]] baton from Cabinet of Curiosities (17th–18th century)
File:Buste Buffon Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve.jpg|Bust of the naturalist [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]] by [[Jean-Antoine Houdon]] (18th century)
</gallery>

===The Revolution and its aftermath===
Following the [[French Revolution]], the status of the Library changed dramatically. In 1790, the Abbey was secularized, and all of its property, including the library, was confiscated, and the community of monks who ran the library was broken up. Due to the diplomatic skills of the director, [[Alexandre Pingré]], his reputation as an astronomer and geographer, and his contacts within the new government, the collection was not dispersed, and actually grew, as the library took in the collections confiscated from other Abbeys. The library was granted equal status with the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|National Library]], the future [[Bibliothèque Mazarine|Mazarine Library]] and [[Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal|Arsenal Library]], and could draw books from the same sources. Pingré remained as director until his death in 1796.<ref>Peyré (2011), pg. 44</ref>

In 1796, the name of the library was changed;  it became the National Library of the [[Panthéon]]. named for the neighboring Abbey church, then under construction, which had also been confiscated and renamed.  While the collection of books remained intact, the famous cabinet of Curiosities was broken up and some its collection was dispersed to the National Library and [[National Museum of Natural History, France|Museum of Natural History]].  However, the Library did manage to retain a large number of objects,  including the celebrated [[astronomical clock]], the oldest example of its kind, acquired by the library in about 1695, and a variety of terrestrial and celestial globes, as well as objects illustrating cultures around the world,  which are on display in the library today.  The library also displays a notable collection of eighty-six busts of French scientists, some made by the leading French sculptors of the 17th and 18th centuries, including busts by [[Antoine Coysevox]], [[Jean-Antoine Houdon]], and [[François Girardon]].<ref>Peyré (2011), pg. 44–50</ref>

===The early 19th century===
The library continued to flourish in the early 19th century, under the [[French Directory]] and then the [[First French Empire|Empire of Napoleon]]. After the death of Pingré the library was directed by [[Pierre Claude Francois Daunou]].  He traveled to Rome, following Napoleon's army, and arranged for the transfer to Paris of books confiscated from the papal collections. The library also received collections of books confiscated from nobles who had fled abroad during the Revolution. At the time of the fall of Napoleon, the library had a collection of one hundred ten thousand books and manuscripts.<ref name="auto2">Peyré (2011), pg. 52–55</ref>

The fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the monarchy brought new problems for the library. The collection of the library had more than doubled in size, and needed more space. However, the library shared the 18th-century building of the old Abbey Sainte-Genevieve with a prestigious school, originally known as the central school of the Panthéon, then as the Lycée Napoleon, and then and today as the [[Lycée Henri IV]].  The two institutions battled for space between 1812 and 1842.  Though the library was supported by famous writers, including [[Victor Hugo]] and [[Jules Michelet]], the son of King [[Louis-Philippe]]  was a student at the lycée, and the lycée won.  The library was finally expelled from its building. Some features of the old building, including the painted dome,  can still be seen within the Lycée.<ref name="auto2"/>

===The Labrouste building===
After the expulsion of the library from its old site, the government decided to build a new building for the collection.  It was the first library in Paris to be constructed specifically as a library. The site chosen was close to the old library.  It had originally been occupied by the medieval [[Collége de Montaigu]], where [[Erasmus]] and [[Ignatius of Loyola]], [[John Calvin]] and [[François Rabelais]]  had been students. After the Revolution that building had been transformed into a hospital and then a military prison, and was largely in ruins. It was to be demolished to make way for the new library.<ref>Peyré (2011), p. 58</ref>

The architect chosen for the project was [[Henri Labrouste]].  Born in 1801, he had studied at the [[Ecole des Beaux-Arts]] where he won the [[Prix de Rome]] in 1824, and spent six years studying Italian classical and Renaissance architecture. He had received few architectural commissions, but in 1838 he received the title of Inspector of Historic Monuments, and in this capacity he began to plan the new building. Since the Lycée wanted the space as soon as possible, all the books had been moved in 1842 to a temporary library in the only surviving building of Montaigu College. His project was confirmed by the [[Chamber of Deputies (France)|Chamber of Deputies]] in 1843, and a budget voted.  The building was completed in December 1850. and opened to the public on 4 February 1851.<ref name="auto1">Zanten, David Van. Designing Paris: the Architecture of Duban, Labrouste, Duc, and Vaudoyer. MIT Press, 1987.</ref>

The new library showed the influence of the prevailing academic [[Beaux-Arts architecture|beaux-arts]] style and the influence of Florence and Rome, but in other ways it was strikingly original.  The base and facade resembled Roman buildings, with simple arched windows and discreet bands of sculpture.  The façade, exactly the length of the reading room, and the large windows, expressed the function of the building.  The primary decorative element of the façade is a list of names of famous scholars.<ref>[http://enssibbbf.enssib.fr/sdx/BBF/frontoffice/2002/02/document.xsp?id=bbf-2002-02-0106-004/2002/02/fam-tourhorizon/tourhorizon&statutMaitre=non&statutFils=non Henri Labrouste et la bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève], Annie Le Saux, BBF 2002 – Paris, t. 47, n° 2</ref><ref>Peyré (2011), p. 62-66</ref>

Unlike earlier buildings, the major decorative element of the building was not on the façade, but in the architecture of the reading room.  The slender iron columns and the lace-like cast iron arches under the roof were not concealed; combined with the large windows they gave an immediate impression of space and lightness. It was a major step in the creation of [[modern architecture]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.moma.org/visit/calendar/exhibitions/1319| title = Henri Labrouste: Structure Brought to Light| date = 10 March 2013| access-date = 23 March 2013| publisher = moma.org}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>

The large (278 by 69 feet) two-storied structure filling a wide, shallow site is deceptively simple in plan: the lower floor is occupied by stacks to the left, rare-book storage and office space to the right, with a central vestibule and stairway leading to the reading room which fills the entire upper story.  The vestibule was designed to symbolize the beginning of a journey in search of knowledge, the visitors arrives through a space decorated with murals of gardens and forest and passes busts of famous French scholars and scientists.<ref>Peyré (2011), p. 70-71</ref> The monumental staircase from the ground floor to the reading room is placed so it doesn't take any space from the reading room. Labrouste also designed building so that a majority of the books (sixty thousand) were in the reading room, easily accessible, with a minority (forty thousand) in the reserves. The iron structure of this reading room—a spine of sixteen slender, cast-iron Ionic columns dividing the space into twin aisles and supporting openwork iron arches that carry barrel vaults of plaster reinforced by iron mesh—is revered by Modernists for its introduction of high technology into a monumental building.<ref>Marvin Trachtenberg and Isabelle Hyman, ''Architecture: from Prehistory to Post-Modernism'', p 478</ref>

Labrouste went on to design the Salle Labrouste, the main reading room in the old [[Bibliothèque Nationale de France]] in the Rue de Richelieu, Paris, built between 1862 and 1868.  Later in the century, the American architect [[Charles Follen McKim]] used the Sainte-Geneviève Library building as the model his design of the main building of the [[Boston Public Library, McKim Building|Boston Public Library]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Meyer|first1=Adolf Bernhard|title=Studies of the museums and kindred institutions of New York City, Albany, Buffalo, and Chicago, with notes on some European Institutions|date=1905|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|location=Washington, DC|pages=594ff |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Z9MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA594|access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref>  It also influenced the design of university libraries in the United States, including [[Low Memorial Library]] at [[Columbia University]] in New York, the [[Doe Library]] of the [[University of California]] at Berkeley by [[John Galen Howard]], also a former student of the [[Ecole des Beaux-Arts]] in Paris, and the Margaret Carnegie Library at [[Mills College]] in California, designed by [[Julia Morgan]], also a former student of the [[Ecole des Beaux Arts]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Hall entree Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve.jpg|The entry hall
File:Salle de lecture Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve n11.jpg|Reading room in use
File:Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève 1859.jpg|The reading room in 1859
Image:Bibliothek Sainte-Geneviève ground floor plan.jpg|Ground floor plan (entry hall in center and a reserves)
Image:Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève floor plan.jpg|Original reading room (plan)
Image:Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève elevation.jpg|Hall and reading room (section)
Image:Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève Facade.jpg|Façade
</gallery>

===Later years – expansion and modification===
Between 1851 and 1930, the library's collection grew from one hundred thousand volumes to over a million, requiring a series of reconstructions and modifications.  In 1892, a hoist was installed to lift books from the reserves to the reading room; it is now on display.  A more serious change was made between 1928 and 1934.  The number of seats in the reading room was doubled to seven hundred fifty. To accomplish this, the seating plan of the reading room was drastically changed;  the original plan had long tables which stretched the entire length of the room, divided by a central spine of bookshelves, making the room seem even longer.  In the new plan, the central bookshelves were removed and tables crossed the room, increasing the seating but reducing the linear effect.<ref>Peyré (2011), p. 78</ref>   As the collection continued to grow, a new annex in the modernist style was added in 1954.  The later computerization of the catalog created space for an additional one hundred seats.  The building was classified as a national historic monument in 1992. Today the library is classified as a national library,  a university library and a public library.<ref>Peyré (2011), p. 80</ref>