Editing Salyut programme (section)

== History of Salyut space stations ==
{{multiple image|align=right|header=|width1=290px|image1=Mir-33.jpg|caption1=Development of the Soviet space stations:
* The large horizontal arrows trace the evolution of the two Soviet space station programmes DOS (top) and Almaz-OPS (bottom)
* Dark gray arrows trace the infusions from the Soyuz and OPS programmes to DOS
* Solid and dashed black arrows indicate modules intended for Mir, containing influences from OPS with the addition of space tugs
|footer=}}

The programme was composed of {{nowrap|'''DOS (Durable Orbital Station)'''}} civilian stations and {{nowrap|'''OPS (Orbital Piloted Station)'''}} military stations:

* The '''[[Almaz|Almaz-OPS]]''' space station cores were designed in October 1964 by [[Vladimir Chelomey]]'s [[NPO Mashinostroyeniya]] (OKB-52) organization as military space stations, long before the Salyut programme started.<ref name="RSWalmaz">{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/almaz.html|title=Russianspaceweb.com – The Almaz programme}}</ref> For Salyut, small modifications had to be made to the docking port of the OPS to accommodate [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz spacecraft]] in addition to [[TKS (spacecraft)|TKS spacecraft]].
* The civilian '''DOS''' space station cores were designed by [[Sergei Korolev]]'s [[Energia (corporation)|OKB-1]] organisation. Korolev and Chelomey had been in fierce competition in the Soviet space industry during the time of the [[Soviet crewed lunar programs#Moon landing N1/L3 program|Soviet crewed lunar programme]], but OKB-52's Almaz-OPS hull design was combined with subsystems derived from OKB-1's Soyuz.<ref name="Grahn">{{cite web|url=http://www.svengrahn.pp.se/trackind/salyut1/salyut1.html|title=Salyut 1, its origin|author=Sven Grahn}}</ref> This was done beginning with conceptual work in August 1969.<ref name="EAsalyut">{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/project/salyut.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020602043328/http://www.astronautix.com/project/salyut.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 June 2002|title=Encyclopedia Astronautica – Salyut}}</ref> The DOS differed from the OPS modules in several aspects, including extra solar panels, front and (in [[Salyut 6]] and [[Salyut 7|7]]) rear docking ports for [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz spacecraft]] and [[TKS (spacecraft)|TKS spacecraft]], and finally more docking ports in DOS-7 and DOS-8 to attach further space station modules.

It was realized that the later civilian DOS stations could not only offer a cover story for the military Almaz programme, but could also be finished within one year and at least a year earlier than Almaz. The Salyut programme begun on 15 February 1970 on the condition that the crewed lunar programme would not suffer.<ref name="Grahn"/> However, the engineers at OKB-1 perceived the [[LK (spacecraft)|L3 lunar lander]] effort as a dead-end and immediately switched to working on DOS.<ref name="EAsalyut"/> In the end it turned out that the Soviet [[N1 (rocket)|N1 "Moon Shot" rocket]] never flew successfully, so OKB-1's decision to abandon the lunar programme and derive a DOS space station from existing Soyuz subsystems and an Almaz/OPS hull proved to be right: The actual time from the DOS station's inception to the launch of the first DOS-based Salyut 1 space station took only 16 months; the world's first space station was launched by the Soviet Union, two years before the American [[Skylab]] or the first Almaz/OPS station flew.

Initially, the space stations were to be named ''Zarya'', the Russian word for "Dawn". However, as the launch of the first station in the programme was prepared, it was realised that this would conflict with the [[call sign]] ''Zarya'' of the [[RKA Mission Control Center]] (TsUP) in [[Korolyov, Moscow Oblast|Korolyov]] – therefore the name of the space stations was changed to ''Salyut'' shortly before launch of ''Salyut 1''.<ref name="EAsalyut"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Payson|first=Dmitri|title=We will Build a Space Station for a Piece of Bread|date=June 1, 1993|publisher=Rossiskiye Vesti|page=67|edition=Translated in JPRS Report, Science & Technology, Central Eurasia: Space, June 28, 1993 (JPRSUSP-93-003)}}</ref> Another explanation given is that the name might have offended the Chinese, who purportedly were preparing a new rocket for launch, which they had already named ''[[Shuguang (spacecraft)|Shuguang]]'' or "Dawn".<ref name="rockets_and_people">{{cite book|url=https://www.nasa.gov/connect/ebooks/rockets_people_vol4_detail.html|title=Rockets and People|volume=4 |publisher=NASA|series=NASA History Series|first=Boris E.|last=Chertok|editor-first=Asif A.|editor-last=Siddiqi|format=PDF|year=2011|page=306|isbn=978-0-16-089559-3|id=SP-2011-4110}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The Salyut programme was managed by [[Kerim Kerimov]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V60oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|title=Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations |publisher=University of Nebraska Press|first=Jay|last=Chladek|pages=85–86|date=2017|isbn=978-0-8032-2292-2}}</ref> chairman of the state commission for Soyuz missions.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbDGMiXvdG0C&pg=PA56|title=Salyut - The First Space Station: Triumph and Tragedy|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media|first=Grujica S.|last=Ivanovich|page=56 |date=2008|isbn=978-0-387-73585-6}}</ref>

A total of nine space stations were launched in the Salyut programme, with six successfully hosting crews and setting some records along the way. However, it was the stations Salyut 6 and Salyut 7 that became the workhorses of the programme. Out of the total of 1,697 days of occupancy that all Salyut crews achieved, Salyut 6 and 7 accounted for 1,499. While Skylab already featured a second docking port, these two Salyut stations became the first that actually utilised two docking ports: this made it possible for two Soyuz spacecraft to dock at the same time for crew exchange of the station and for [[Progress (spacecraft)|Progress spacecraft]] to resupply the station, allowing for the first time a continuous ("permanent") occupation of space stations.

The heritage of the Salyut programme continued to live on in the first multi-module space station ''[[Mir]]'' with the [[Mir Core Module]] ("DOS-7"), that accumulated 4,592 days of occupancy, and in the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) with the [[Zvezda (ISS module)|''Zvezda'' module]] ("DOS-8"), that {{as of|2012|8|21|lc=y}} accumulated 4,310 days of occupancy. Furthermore, the [[Functional Cargo Block]] space station modules were derived from the Almaz programme, with the ''[[Zarya (ISS module)|Zarya]]'' ISS module being still in operation together with ''Zvezda''.<ref name="Ivanovich2008"/>

=== First generation – The first space stations ===
First generation served as a space station engineering test bed. Aim was from early Almaz beginnings to construct long-living multi-modular stations.<ref name=Mir/>

==== Salyut 1 (DOS-1) ====

{{excerpt|Salyut 1}}
==== DOS-2 ====
{{excerpt|DOS-2}}

==== Salyut 2 (OPS-1, military) ====
{{excerpt|Salyut 2}}

==== Kosmos 557 (DOS-3) ====
{{excerpt|Kosmos 557|only=paragraphs}}

==== Salyut 3 (OPS-2, military) ====
{{excerpt|Salyut 3}}
Salyut 3 would make history, by conducting the first test-fire of a conventional weapon in space. During Salyut 3’s mission span, cosmonauts would fire the onboard 23mm cannon, which was reported to be a modified Nudelman aircraft cannon. To operate the cannon, the crew had to maneuver the whole space station in the direction of the target. Sources state that the firing was to deplete the ammunition on the craft. However, others sources say that the station conducted 3 tests of the gun through the whole mission span of Salyut 3.<ref>Anatoly Zak. "OPS-2 (Salyut-3)". RussianSpaceWeb.com.</ref>

==== Salyut 4 (DOS-4) ====
[[File:Salyut-4 diagram.gif|thumb|[[Salyut 4]] diagram]]{{excerpt|Salyut 4}}

==== Salyut 5 (OPS-3, military) ====
{{excerpt|Salyut 5}}

=== Second generation – long-duration inhabitation of space ===
[[File:Moscow Polytechnical Museum, Salut space station.jpg|thumb|Mockup of Soyuz and Progress spacecraft docked to Salyut 6, Moscow Polytechnical Museum]]
In 1977, another marked step forward was made with the second generation of Salyut stations. The aim was to continuously occupy a space station with long-duration expeditions, for the first time in spaceflight.

Although Salyut 6 and Salyut 7 resembled the previous Salyut stations in overall design, several revolutionary changes were made to the stations and programme for the aim of continuous occupation. The new stations featured a longer design life and a second [[Spacecraft docking|docking port]] at the aft of the stations – crew exchanges and station "handovers" were now made possible by docking two crewed Soyuz spacecraft at the same time. Furthermore, the uncrewed Progress resupply craft was created based on the crewed Soyuz, to resupply the crew and station with air, air regenerators, water, food, clothing, bedding, mail, propellants, pressurant, and other supplies. While the Progress docked to the station's second docking port, the crew's Soyuz spacecraft could remain docked to the station's first port. The Progress spacecraft even delivered hardware for updating onboard experiments and permitting repairs to the station, extending its life.<ref name=Mir>{{cite web |url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/RP1357.pdf|title=Mir Hardware Heritage|last=Portree|first=David|date=March 1995|publisher=NASA|access-date=24 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907191412/http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/RP1357.pdf|archive-date=7 September 2009}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

==== Salyut 6 (DOS-5) ====
[[File:Salyut 6.jpg|thumb|DOS-5 ([[Salyut 6]]) space station with two docked spacecraft]]
{{excerpt|Salyut 6}}

==== Salyut 7 (DOS-6) ====
[[File:Model of Salyut-7 with two Soyuz spacecrafts.JPEG|thumb|A full-scale model of a [[Salyut 7]] space station and two docked spacecraft. On the left a Soyuz can be seen docked to the fore port, and on the right a Progress is docked at the aft port. The display is in front of one of the pavilions of the [[Exhibition of Soviet National Economic Achievement]].]]
{{excerpt|Salyut 7}}

=== Salyut's heritage – modular space stations ===
After the second generation, plans for the next generation of Salyut stations called for the cores '''DOS-7''' and '''DOS-8''' to allow, for the first time in spaceflight, the addition of several modules to a station core and to create a modular space station. For this, the DOS modules were to be equipped with a total of four docking ports: one docking port at the aft of the station as in the second generation Salyuts, and the replacement of the front docking port with a "docking sphere" containing three docking ports — front, port, and starboard.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2020-11-19|title=Mir|url=http://www.astronautix.com/m/mir.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820173204/http://www.astronautix.com/m/mir.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 August 2016|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>

While the station cores DOS-7 and DOS-8 were built and flown, they never received the Salyut designation. Instead, DOS-7 evolved into the [[Mir Core Module]] for the ''Mir'' space station that followed the Salyut programme, and DOS-8 was used as the [[Zvezda (ISS module)|''Zvezda'' Service Module]] for the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) which followed ''Mir''.

The heritage from the Almaz programme is present even today. While the last space station from the Almaz programme was flown as Salyut 5 in 1976, the development of the Almaz [[TKS spacecraft]] evolved into the [[Functional Cargo Block]], which formed the basis for several ''Mir'' modules, the experimental [[Polyus (spacecraft)|Polyus orbital weapons platform]] and the ''[[Zarya (ISS module)|Zarya]]'' module of the ISS.<ref name="Ivanovich2008"/>

==== Mir Core Module (DOS-7) ====
{{Main|Mir Core Module|Functional Cargo Block|Mir}}
[[File:Mir base block drawing.png|thumb|DOS-7 (Mir Core Module)]]

'''DOS-7''' continued to be developed during Salyut 7, becoming the Mir Core Module of the ''[[Mir]]'' space station – the first modular space station, with crewed operations lasting from 1986 to 2000. The station featured upgraded computers and solar arrays, and accommodations for two cosmonauts each having their own cabin. A total of six docking ports were available on the Mir Core Module, which were used for space station modules and visiting spacecraft – the docking sphere design had been upgraded from its initial Salyut design to contain a maximum of five docking ports (front, port, starboard, zenith and nadir). And finally, the modules for ''Mir'' were derived from the Functional Cargo Block design of the Almaz programme.

The name of the ''Mir'' space station – {{langx|ru|Мир}}, literally ''Peace'' or ''World'' – was to signify the intentions of the Soviet Union to bring peace to the world. However, it was during the time of ''Mir'' that the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union was dissolved]] in December 1991, ending what was begun with the 1917 [[October Revolution]] in Russia. This dissolution had started with the Soviet "[[perestroika]] and [[glasnost]]" ("restructuring and openness") reform campaigns by Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] in the 1980s, had reached a preliminary endpoint with the [[revolutions of 1989]] and the end of the communist [[Eastern Bloc]] ([[Warsaw Pact]] and the [[Comecon]]), finally to reach the Soviet Union itself in 1991.<ref name="Ivanovich2008"/>

While the Russian Federation became the successor to much of the dissolved [[Soviet Union]] and was in a position to continue the [[Soviet space program]] with the [[Roscosmos|Russian Federal Space Agency]], it faced severe difficulties: imports and exports had steeply declined as the economic exchange with [[Comecon]] nations had crumbled away, leaving the industry of the former Soviet Union in shambles. Not only did the political change in eastern Europe signify an end of contributions to the space programme by eastern European nations (such as the [[East Germany|East German]] [[Carl Zeiss AG|Carl Zeiss Jena]]), but parts of the Soviet space industry were located in the newly independent [[Ukraine]], which was similarly cash-strapped as [[Russia]] and started to demand [[hard currency]] for its contributions.

It was during this time of transition and upheaval that the [[Shuttle–Mir program]] was established between the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] and the [[United States]] in 1993. The former adversaries would now cooperate, with "Phase One" consisting of joint missions and flights of the United States [[Space Shuttle]] to the [[Mir|Mir space station]]. It was a partnership with stark contrasts – Russia needed an inflow of hard currency to keep their space programme aloft, while in the United States it was seen as a chance to learn from the over 20 years of experience of Soviet space station operations. It was "Phase Two" of this Shuttle–Mir program that would lead to the [[International Space Station]].<ref name="Shayler2004">{{cite book|author=David Shayler|title=Walking in Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8PW0_WNTDsC&pg=PA291|date=3 June 2004|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-85233-710-0|pages=291–}}</ref>

==== ''Zvezda'' ISS Service Module (DOS-8) ====
{{Main|Zvezda (ISS module)|Zarya (ISS module)|Functional Cargo Block|ISS}}
[[File:ISS Zvezda module-small.jpg|thumb|DOS-8 (''[[Zvezda (ISS module)|Zvezda]]'' ISS module)]]

'''DOS-8''' evolved into the [[Mir-2]] project, intended to replace ''Mir''. Finally, it became the International Space Station (ISS) [[Zvezda (ISS module)|''Zvezda'' Service Module]] and formed the core of the early ISS together with the ''Zarya'' module (which was derived from Almaz Functional Cargo Block designs).