Editing Sambo's (section)

==History==

[[File:Big Boy former Sambos cropped.jpg|thumb|A former Sambo's in [[Alpena, Michigan]], now occupied by [[Big Boy (restaurant)|Big Boy]]]]
After the first Sambo's was opened in 1957, the restaurant was expanded to more locations. In late 1963, it had restaurants in 16 cities – in California, Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1963-05-02|title=Sambo's Start New Restaurants|pages=7|work=Needles Desert Star|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52927913/needles-desert-star/|access-date=2020-06-07}}</ref> By 1969, the company had grown to 98 locations,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=1969-09-07|title=Local Broker Fills Post With Sambo's|pages=30|work=The Sacramento Bee|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52938893/the-sacramento-bee/|access-date=2020-06-07}}</ref> and over the next two years diversified to create additional restaurant franchises, including Red Top Hamburgers, Heidi's Pie Shop, and the Blue Ox Steak House.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=1971-05-13|title=Sambo Restaurant|pages=92|work=Tampa Bay Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52938693/tampa-bay-times/|access-date=2020-06-07}}</ref>

In the latter half of the 1970s, pressure began to mount on the chain to change its name, drawing protests and lawsuits in communities that viewed the term ''[[Sambo (racial term)|Sambo]]'' as pejorative towards Black Americans. Twelve of its restaurants were opened as or renamed "The Jolly Tiger" in locations where the local community passed resolutions forbidding the use of the original name or refused to grant the chain permits. The last of these restaurants was created in December 1977. In March 1979, the company reversed course on its "Jolly Tiger" restaurants and stated their intent to rename all of them back to Sambo's.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=1979-03-12|title=Sambo's Restaurants Drop 'Jolly Tiger' Alternate Name|pages=2|work=Chillicothe Gazette|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52939576/chillicothe-gazette/|access-date=2020-06-07}}</ref> The company cited poor financial performance of these restaurants; the company's "constitutional, legal, and moral right to operate (those restaurants) under its corporate name"; and the assertion that Black people did not object to the name, citing studies that showed that "three times as many blacks [sic] ate at Sambo's as at any other full service restaurant".<ref name=":1" />

In 1979, Sambo's had 1,117 outlets in 47 American states.  Additional corporate level decisions made at the time also led to Sambo's corporate demise. Pressure to take Sambo's into a more normal, salaried manager compensation package was one issue. Their unique "Fraction of the Action" promotion – whereby managers were entitled to 20% of the profits from their stores, with employees allowed to bid for a percentage of the remaining profits – was an early company expansion plan, and the growth of the company outpaced its control.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/27/business/market-place-mistakes-at-sambo-s.html | work= [[The New York Times]] | title= Market Place; Mistakes At Sambo's | date= 27 November 1981 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949341,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714230509/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949341,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 14, 2009 |magazine= Time |title= A New Name |date= August 17, 1981 |volume= 118 |issue= 7 |page= 67 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Sambo's: Only a Fraction of the Action : the Inside Story of a Restaurant Empire's Rise and Fall | first= Charles |last= Bernstein |year=1984 |location= Burbank, California |publisher= National Literary Guild |isbn= 9780866662024}}</ref><ref name="tdjsambos">{{cite book |last= Jones |first=Thomas David |title= Human Rights: Group Defamation, Freedom of Expression and the Law of Nations |location= Boston |publisher= Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year= 1998 |pages= 107–117 |isbn= 90-411-0265-5 }}</ref> In March 1981, in a further attempt to give the chain a new image the company again renamed some locations, this time to "No Place Like Sam's".<ref name="nytsambos">{{cite news |title= Company News: Sambo's to Alter Northeast Names |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/11/business/company-news-sambo-s-to-alter-northeast-names.html |work= The New York Times |date= March 11, 1981 |page=D4 |accessdate= January 3, 2008}}</ref> By November 1981, the company filed for bankruptcy.<ref name="nytbankrupt">{{cite news |title=Chapter 11 Petition Is Filed by Sambo's |work= The New York Times |at=sec. 2 p. 30 |date= November 28, 1981 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/28/business/chapter-11-petition-is-filed-by-sambo-s.html}}</ref> Neither the name change nor bankruptcy protection reversed this downward trend, and by 1982 all except the original Sambo's at 216 West Cabrillo Boulevard in [[Santa Barbara, California]] closed their doors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sambosrestaurant.com/across.htm |title=Across America |website=Sambo's Restaurant |accessdate=July 26, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312045227/http://www.sambosrestaurant.com/across.htm |archive-date=March 12, 2007 }}</ref> By February 1983, 618 of the locations were renamed Season's Friendly Eating.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=e-swAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yN8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1380,5107245&dq=season%27s-friendly-eating&hl=en |title= Six Area Restaurants to Get New Name |date= December 10, 1982 |work=Daytona Beach Morning Journal |page= 6B |accessdate= April 20, 2010}}</ref> Several locations were sold to [[Denny's]], including the [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]] store.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/135071521/ |title=Denny's Expands in S. Florida |date= June 24, 1983 |work= The Palm Beach Post |page= D1 |accessdate= November 24, 2010}}</ref><ref>Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel July 21, 1981</ref> [[Bakers Square]]'s parent company acquired Sambo's in California in October 1984. Many Sambo's locations were converted to Bakers Square restaurants and the ones that weren't were sold to other chains, including Denny's.

Battistone's grandson, restaurateur Chad Stevens, owns the only remaining restaurant in Santa Barbara which continued business under the Sambo's name until 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Palminteri|first=John|date=2020-06-05|title=American restaurant history changes in Santa Barbara with the end of Sambo's|url=https://keyt.com/lifestyle/money-and-business/2020/06/05/american-restaurant-history-changing-in-santa-barbara-with-the-end-of-sambos/|access-date=2020-06-07|work=KEYT {{!}} KCOY|language=en-US}}</ref> In late May 2020, [[George Floyd protests]] against [[racism in the United States]] began in cities across the United States, including Santa Barbara. A petition drive asked the owner to change the name of Sambo's. In June 2020, the name on the original Sambo's sign was temporarily changed to the motto "☮ & LOVE" ("Peace and love").<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.com/2020/06/05/amid-protests-peace-love-is-new-motto-for-last-standing-sambos-restaurant/|title=Amid Protests, 'Peace & Love' is New Motto for Last Standing Sambo's Restaurant|work=Santa Barbara Independent|author=Smith, Delaney |date=2020-06-05|accessdate=June 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Croft |first1=Jay |title=What's in a name? California restaurant agrees to a change amid national unrest |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/06/us/restaurant-name-trnd/index.html |accessdate=June 7, 2020 |publisher=CNN |date=June 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/sambo-s-which-once-had-1-100-restaurants-changes-name-n1226696#:~:text=Once%20a%20chain%20that%20boasted,African%20descent%2C%20to%20something%20undetermined |title=Sambo's, which once had 1,100 restaurants, changes name amid national George Floyd protests |last=McCausland |first=Phil |accessdate=June 10, 2020 |publisher=[[NBC]] |date=June 6, 2020}}</ref>  In July 2020, the restaurant was officially renamed to "Chad's".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palminteri |first=John |date=2020-07-15 |title=It's official – Chad's replaces Sambo's after 63 years in Santa Barbara |url=https://keyt.com/news/money-and-business/2020/07/15/its-official-chads-replaces-sambos-after-63-years-in-santa-barbara/ |access-date=2020-09-01 |website=[[KEYT-TV]]}}</ref>