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==Taxonomy== The family Scolopacidae was introduced (as Scolopacea) by the French [[polymath]] [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]] in 1815.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Rafinesque | first=Constantine Samuel | author-link=Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | year=1815 | title=Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisΓ©s | volume=1815 | publisher=Self-published | place=Palermo | language=fr | page=70 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310148 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=113, 252 | hdl=2246/830 }}<!--Linked page allows download of the 48MB pdf--></ref> The family contains 98 extant or recently extinct species divided into 15 [[genera]].<ref name=ioc>{{cite web | editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Sandpipers, snipes, coursers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/sandpipers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref> For more details, see the article [[List of sandpiper species]]. The following genus-level cladogram of the Scolopacidae is based on a study by David ΔernΓ½ and Rossy Natale that was published in 2022.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=ΔernΓ½ | first1=David | last2=Natale | first2=Rossy | date=2022 | title=Comprehensive taxon sampling and vetted fossils help clarify the time tree of shorebirds (Aves, Charadriiformes) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=177 | pages=107620 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107620| pmid=36038056 | url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/07/16/2021.07.15.452585.full.pdf }}</ref> {{Clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:100% |label1='''Scolopacidae''' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Bartramia (bird)|Bartramia]]'' β upland sandpiper |2=''[[Curlew|Numenius]]'' β curlews (9 species) }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Limosa]]'' β godwits (4 species) |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Limnodromus]]'' β dowitchers (3 species) |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Lymnocryptes]]'' β jack snipe |2=''[[Scolopax]]'' β woodcocks (8 species) }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Gallinago imperialis]]'' β imperial snipe |2={{clade |1=''[[Gallinago undulata]]'' β giant snipe |2=''[[Coenocorypha]]'' β austral snipes (3 extant and 6 extinct species) }} }} |2=''[[Gallinago]]'' β snipes (18 species) }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Terek sandpiper|Xenus]]'' β Terek sandpiper |2=''[[Actitis]]'' β sandpipers (2 species) }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Phalaropus]]'' β phalaropes (3 species) |2=''[[Tringa]]'' β sandpipers, shanks, tattlers etc (13 species) }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Prosobonia]]'' β Polynesian sandpipers (1 extant and 3 extinct species) |2=''[[Arenaria (bird)|Arenaria]]'' β turnstones (2 species) |3=''[[Calidris]]'' β sandpipers (24 species) }} }} }} }} }} }} {| class="wikitable" !Image !Genus !Living and recently extinct species |- | [[File:CURLEW, LONG-BILLED (3-22-10) morro bay, ca -04 (4455146301).jpg|220px]] ||''[[Numenius (bird)|Numenius]]'' {{au|Brisson, 1760}}|| * [[Eurasian whimbrel]], ''Numenius phaeopus'' * [[Hudsonian whimbrel]], ''Numenius hudsonicus'' * β ? [[Slender-billed curlew]], ''Numenius tenuirostris'' (last seen in 1995)<ref>{{cite web | date=20 April 2019 | title=DNA confirms Slender-billed Curlew is a valid species | url=https://magornitho.org/2019/04/slender-billed-curlew-phylogeny/ | website=MaghrebOrnitho}}</ref> * [[Eurasian curlew]], ''Numenius arquata'' * [[Long-billed curlew]], ''Numenius americanus'' * [[Far Eastern curlew]], ''Numenius madagascariensis'' * [[Little curlew]], ''Numenius minutus'' * β ? [[Eskimo curlew]], ''Numenius borealis'' (last seen in 1987)<ref>{{cite web | title=Eskimo Curlew (Numenius borealis) | url=https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=specialstatus.fedsummary&species=eskimocurlew | publisher=Alaska Department of Fish and Game}}</ref> * [[Bristle-thighed curlew]], ''Numenius tahitiensis'' |- | [[File:Bar-tailed Godwit.jpg|220px]] ||''[[Limosa]]'' {{au|Brisson, 1760}}|| * [[Bar-tailed godwit]], ''Limosa lapponica'' * [[Black-tailed godwit]], ''Limosa limosa'' * [[Hudsonian godwit]], ''Limosa haemastica'' * [[Marbled godwit]], ''Limosa fedoa'' |- | [[File:Arenaria interpres (habitus).jpg|220px]] ||''[[Arenaria (bird)|Arenaria]]'' {{au|Brisson, 1760}}|| * [[Ruddy turnstone]], ''Arenaria interpres'' * [[Black turnstone]], ''Arenaria melanocephala'' |- | [[File:Tuamotu sandpiper.jpg|220px]] ||''[[Prosobonia]]'' {{au|Bonaparte, 1850}}|| * [[Tuamotu sandpiper]], ''Prosobonia parvirostris'' * β [[Christmas sandpiper|Kiritimati sandpiper]], ''Prosobonia cancellata'' * β [[Tahiti sandpiper]], ''Prosobonia leucoptera'' * β [[Moorea sandpiper]], ''Prosobonia ellisi'' |- | [[File:Semipalmated Sandpiper (8578570180).jpg|220px]] ||''[[Calidris]]'' {{au|Merrem, 1804}}|| * [[Great knot]], ''Calidris tenuirostris'' * [[Red knot]], ''Calidris canutus'' * [[Surfbird]], ''Calidris virgata'' * [[Ruff (bird)|Ruff]], ''Calidris pugnax'' * [[Broad-billed sandpiper]], ''Calidris falcinellus'' * [[Sharp-tailed sandpiper]], ''Calidris acuminata'' * [[Stilt sandpiper]], ''Calidris himantopus'' * [[Curlew sandpiper]], ''Calidris ferruginea'' * [[Temminck's stint]], ''Calidris temminckii'' * [[Long-toed stint]], ''Calidris subminuta'' * [[Spoon-billed sandpiper]], ''Calidris pygmaea'' * [[Red-necked stint]], ''Calidris ruficollis'' * [[Sanderling]], ''Calidris alba'' * [[Dunlin]], ''Calidris alpina'' * [[Rock sandpiper]], ''Calidris ptilocnemis'' * [[Purple sandpiper]], ''Calidris maritima'' * [[Baird's sandpiper]], ''Calidris bairdii'' * [[Little stint]], ''Calidris minuta'' * [[Least sandpiper]], ''Calidris minutilla'' * [[White-rumped sandpiper]], ''Calidris fuscicollis'' * [[Buff-breasted sandpiper]], ''Calidris subruficollis'' * [[Pectoral sandpiper]], ''Calidris melanotos'' * [[Semipalmated sandpiper]], ''Calidris pusilla'' * [[Western sandpiper]], ''Calidris mauri'' |- | [[File:Short-billed dowitcher in JBWR (40844).jpg|220px]] ||''[[Limnodromus]]'' {{au|Wied-Neuwied, 1833}}|| * [[Short-billed dowitcher]], ''Limnodromus griseus'' * [[Long-billed dowitcher]], ''Limnodromus scolopaceus'' * [[Asian dowitcher]], ''Limnodromus semipalmatus'' |- | [[File:EURASIAN-WOODCOCK-MANGPOO.jpg|220px]] ||''[[Scolopax]]'' {{au|Linnaeus, 1758}}|| * [[American woodcock]], ''Scolopax minor'' (large [[North America]]n range) * [[Eurasian woodcock]], ''Scolopax rusticola'' (large [[Eurasia]]n range) * [[Amami woodcock]], ''Scolopax mira'' (endemic to the [[Amami Islands]] in [[Japan]]) * [[Bukidnon woodcock]], ''Scolopax bukidnonensis'' (endemic to [[Luzon]] and [[Mindanao]] in the [[Philippines]]) * [[Javan woodcock]], ''Scolopax saturata'' (endemic to [[Sumatra]] and [[Java]] in [[Indonesia]]) * [[New Guinea woodcock]], ''Scolopax rosenbergii'' (endemic to [[New Guinea]]) * [[Moluccan woodcock]], ''Scolopax rochussenii'' (endemic to the [[Maluku Islands]] in Indonesia) * [[Sulawesi woodcock]], ''Scolopax celebensis'' (endemic to [[Sulawesi]] in Indonesia) |- | [[File:Coenocorypha aucklandica meinertzhagenae 387315409 (cropped).jpg|220px]] ||''[[Coenocorypha]]'' {{au|G. R. Gray, 1855}}|| * [[Chatham snipe]], ''Coenocorypha pusilla'' <small>(Buller, 1869)</small> β Chatham Islands * [[Subantarctic snipe]], ''Coenocorypha aucklandica'' <small>(G. R. Gray, 1845)</small> ** [[Auckland snipe]], ''C. a. aucklandica'' <small>(G. R. Gray, 1845)</small> β Auckland Islands ** [[Antipodes snipe]], ''C. a. meinertzhagenae'' <small>Rothschild, 1927</small> β Antipodes Islands ** [[Campbell snipe]], ''C. a. perseverance'' <small>Miskelly & Baker, 2010</small> β Campbell Island * [[Snares snipe]], ''Coenocorypha huegeli'' <small>(Tristram, 1893)</small> β Snares Islands * β [[North Island snipe]], ''Coenocorypha barrierensis'' <small>Oliver, 1955</small> β also known as the Little Barrier Snipe * β [[South Island snipe]], ''Coenocorypha iredalei'' <small>Rothschild, 1921</small> β also known as the Stewart Island Snipe * β [[Forbes's snipe]], ''Coenocorypha chathamica'' <small>(Forbes, 1893)</small> β Chatham Islands * β [[Viti Levu snipe]], ''Coenocorypha miratropica'' <small>Worthy, 2003</small> β Fiji * β [[New Caledonian snipe]], ''Coenocorypha neocaledonica'' <small>Worthy et al., 2013</small> β New Caledonia * β [[Norfolk snipe]], ''Coenocorypha'' sp. β Norfolk Island |- | [[File:Jack snipe.png|220px]] ||''[[Lymnocryptes]]'' {{au|F. Boie, 1826}}|| * [[Jack snipe]], ''Lymnocryptes minimus'' |- | [[File:Gallinago gallinago a1.JPG|220px]] ||''[[Gallinago]]'' {{au|Brisson, 1760}}|| * [[Solitary snipe]], ''Gallinago solitaria'' * [[Latham's snipe]], ''Gallinago hardwickii'' * [[Wood snipe]], ''Gallinago nemoricola'' * [[Pin-tailed snipe]], ''Gallinago stenura'' * [[Swinhoe's snipe]], ''Gallinago megala'' * [[African snipe]], ''Gallinago nigripennis'' * [[Madagascar snipe]], ''Gallinago macrodactyla'' *[[Magellanic snipe]], ''Gallinago magellanica'' * [[Great snipe]], ''Gallinago media'' * [[Common snipe]], ''Gallinago gallinago'' * [[Wilson's snipe]], ''Gallinago delicata'' * [[Pantanal snipe]], ''Gallinago paraguaiae'' * [[Puna snipe]], ''Gallinago andina'' * [[Noble snipe]], ''Gallinago nobilis'' * [[Giant snipe]], ''Gallinago undulata'' * [[Fuegian snipe]], ''Gallinago stricklandii'' * [[Jameson's snipe]], ''Gallinago jamesoni'' * [[Imperial snipe]], ''Gallinago imperialis'' |- | [[File:Terek sandpiper 9.jpg|220px]] ||''[[Terek sandpiper|Xenus]]'' {{au|Kaup, 1829}}|| * [[Terek sandpiper]], ''Xenus cinereus'' |- | [[File:Phalaropus fulicarius 98755138 (cropped).jpg|220px]] ||''[[Phalaropus]]'' {{au|Brisson, 1760}}|| * [[Wilson's phalarope]], ''Phalaropus tricolor'' * [[Red-necked phalarope]], ''Phalaropus lobatus'' * [[Red phalarope]], ''Phalaropus fulicarius'' |- | [[File:Actitis hypoleucos 1 tb (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|220px]] ||''[[Actitis]]'' {{au|Illiger, 1811}}|| * [[Common sandpiper]], ''Actitis hypoleucos'' (of [[Eurasia]]) * [[Spotted sandpiper]], ''Actitis macularius'' (of [[North America]]) |- | [[File:Lesser yellowlegs bunche beach (31791842132).jpg|220px]] ||''[[Tringa]]'' {{au|Linnaeus, 1758}}|| * [[Green sandpiper]], ''Tringa ochropus'' * [[Solitary sandpiper]], ''Tringa solitaria'' * [[Grey-tailed tattler]], ''Tringa brevipes'' (formerly ''Heteroscelus brevipes'') * [[Wandering tattler]], ''Tringa incana'' (formerly ''Heteroscelus incanus'') * [[Spotted redshank]], ''Tringa erythropus'' * [[Greater yellowlegs]], ''Tringa melanoleuca'' * [[Common greenshank]], ''Tringa nebularia'' * [[Willet]], ''Tringa semipalmata'' (formerly ''Catoptrophorus semipalmatus'') * [[Lesser yellowlegs]], ''Tringa flavipes'' * [[Nordmann's greenshank]], ''Tringa guttifer'' * [[Marsh sandpiper]], ''Tringa stagnatilis'' * [[Common redshank]], ''Tringa totanus'' * [[Wood sandpiper]], ''Tringa glareola'' |- |}
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