Editing Saul (section)

== Biblical account ==
The biblical accounts of Saul's life are found in the [[Books of Samuel]]:

=== House of King Saul ===
According to the [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew text of the Bible]], Saul reigned for two years, but Biblical scholars generally agree that the text is faulty and that a reign of 20 or 22 years is more probable.{{r|finkelstein}} In the [[New Testament]] book of [[w:wikisource:Bible (King James)/Acts of the Apostles#13:21|Acts 13:21]], the [[Apostle Paul]] indicates that Saul's reign lasted for forty years.

According to the [[Hebrew Bible]], Saul was the son of [[Kish (Bible)|Kish]], of the family of the [[Matrites (family)|Matrites]], and a member of the [[tribe of Benjamin]], one of the twelve [[Tribes of Israel]]. It appears that he came from [[Gibeah]].{{r|je}}
[[File:David and Saul (Julius Kronberg) - Nationalmuseum - 18384.tif|thumb|''David and Saul'' (1885) by [[Julius Kronberg]]]]

Saul married [[Ahinoam]], daughter of [[Ahimaaz (disambiguation)|Ahimaaz]], with whom he sired at least five sons ([[Jonathan (Samuel)|Jonathan]], [[Abinadab]], [[Malchishua]], Ishvi and [[Ish-bosheth]]) and two daughters ([[Merab]] and [[Michal]]).<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|14:49|HE}} lists three sons – Jonathan, and Ishvi, and Malchi-shua – and the two daughters. But see also {{bibleverse|2|Samuel|2:8|HE}} and {{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|8:33|HE}}</ref>

Saul also had a [[concubine]] named [[Rizpah]], daughter of [[Aiah (biblical figure)|Aiah]], who bore him two sons, [[Armoni and Mephibosheth]].<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Samuel|21:8|HE}}</ref>

Saul died at the Battle of [[Mount Gilboa]],<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|31:3–6|HE}}; {{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|10:3–6|HE}}</ref> and was buried in [[Zelah, Judea|Zelah]], in the region of [[Tribe of Benjamin#Territory|Benjamin]].<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Samuel|21:14|HE}}</ref> Three of Saul's sons – Jonathan, Abinadab, and Malchishua – died with him at Mount Gilboa.<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|31:2|HE}}; {{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|10:2|HE}}</ref> His surviving son [[Ish-bosheth]] became [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|king of Israel]], at the age of forty. At David's request [[Abner]] had Michal returned to David. Ish-bosheth reigned for two years, but after the death of Abner, was killed by two of his own captains.<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Samuel|4:5|HE}}</ref>

During a famine, God told king David that the famine happened because of how Saul treated the [[Gibeonites]]. The Gibeonites told David that only the death of seven sons of Saul would compensate them for losing their livelihood after the priests at Nob were killed under Saul's orders.<ref>2 Samuel 21:1-6</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ellenson |first=David |title=After Emancipation: Jewish Religious Responses to Modernity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkaEDwAAQBAJ&q=Gibeonites+livelihood+after+the+priests+at+Nob+were+killed&pg=PA422 |publisher=Hebrew Union College Press |year=2004 |page=422 |isbn=0-87820-223-4}}</ref> David then granted the Gibeonites the jurisdiction to individually execute Saul's surviving two sons and five of Saul's grandsons (the sons of Merab and Adriel).<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Samuel|21:8–9|NIV}}</ref> The Gibeonites killed all seven, and hung up their bodies at the sanctuary at Gibeah.<ref>2 Samuel 21:8-9</ref> For five months their bodies were hung out in the elements, and the grieving Rizpah guarded them from being eaten by the beasts and birds of prey.<ref>2 Samuel 21:10</ref> Finally, David had the bodies taken down and buried in the family grave at Zelah with the remains of Saul and their half-brother Jonathan.<ref>2 Samuel 21:13-14</ref> Michal was childless.<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Samuel|6:23|HE}}</ref>

The only male descendant of Saul to survive was [[Mephibosheth]], Jonathan's lame son,<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Samuel|4:4|HE}}</ref> who was five years old at the time of his father's and grandfather's deaths. In time, he came under the protection of David.<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Samuel|9:7–13|HE}}</ref> Mephibosheth had a young son, Micah,<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Samuel|9:12|HE}}</ref> who had four sons and descendants named until the ninth generation.<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|8:35–38|HE}}</ref>

=== Anointed as king ===
[[File:Elie Marcuse saul.jpg|thumb|"Death of King Saul", 1848 by [[Elie Marcuse]] (Germany and France, 1817–1902)]]
The First Book of Samuel gives three accounts of Saul's rise to the throne in three successive chapters:
*Saul is sent with a servant to look for his father's strayed donkeys. Leaving his home at [[Gibeah]], they eventually arrive at the district of [[Zuph]], at which point Saul suggests abandoning their search. Saul's servant tells him that they happen to be near the town of [[Ramathaim-Zophim|Ramah]], where a famous ''seer'' dwells, and suggests that they should consult him first. The ''seer'' (later identified by the text as Samuel) offers hospitality to Saul and later [[anoints]] him in private.<ref>1 Samuel 9</ref><ref name=driscoll>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13486d.htm |author=Driscoll, James F. |title=Saul |encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia |volume=13 |location=New York |publisher=Robert Appleton |year=1912 |access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref>
*A popular movement having arisen to establish a centralized monarchy like other nations, Samuel assembles the people at [[Mizpah in Benjamin]] to appoint a king, fulfilling his previous promise to do so.<ref>1 Samuel 8</ref> Samuel organises the people by [[Twelve Tribes of Israel|tribe]] and by clan. Using the [[Urim and Thummim]],<ref>[http://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/1_samuel/10.htm Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on 1 Samuel 10], accessed 1 May 2017.</ref> he selects the [[tribe of Benjamin]], from within the tribe selecting the clan of [[Matri (biblical figure)|Matri]], and from them selecting Saul. After having been chosen as monarch, Saul returns to his home in Gibeah, along with a number of followers.<ref>1 Samuel 10:17-24</ref><ref name=chabad /> However, some of the people are openly unhappy with the selection of Saul.
*The [[Ammon]]ites, led by [[Nahash of Ammon|Nahash]], lay siege to [[Jabesh-Gilead]]. Under the terms of surrender, the occupants of the city are to be forced into slavery and have their right eyes removed. Instead they send word of this to the other [[tribes of Israel]], and the tribes west of the Jordan assemble an army under Saul. Saul leads the army to victory over the Ammonites, and the people congregate at [[Gilgal]] where they acclaim Saul as king and he is crowned.<ref name=driscoll /><ref>1 Samuel 11</ref> Saul's first act is to forbid retribution against those who had previously contested his kingship.

[[André Lemaire]] finds the third account probably the most reliable tradition.<ref name=Lemaire>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/king-saul/ |title=King Saul}}</ref> The [[Pulpit Commentary]] distinguishes between a private and a public selection process.<ref>[http://biblehub.com/commentaries/pulpit/1_samuel/10.htm Pulpit Commentary on 1 Samuel 10], accessed 1 May 2017.</ref>

=== Saul among the prophets ===
Having been anointed by Samuel, Saul is told of signs indicating that he has been divinely appointed. The last of these is that Saul will be met by an ecstatic group of prophets leaving a ''[[high place]]'' and playing the [[lyre]], [[tambourine]], and [[flute]]s. Saul encounters the ecstatic prophets and joins them.<ref name=chabad>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/463971/jewish/Saul-First-King-of-Israel.htm |title="Saul, First King of Israel", Chabad.org}}</ref> Later, Saul sends men to pursue David, but when they meet a group of ecstatic prophets playing music, they are overcome by the Spirit of God and join in giving prophetic words. Saul sends more men, but they too join the prophets. Eventually, Saul himself goes and also joins the prophets.<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|19:24|HE}}</ref>

=== Military victories ===
[[File:Palestine 1020BC Smith 1915.jpg|thumb|The Kingdom of Saul, according to the biblical account]]
After relieving the siege of Jabesh-Gilead, Saul conducts military campaigns against the [[Moabites]], [[Ammon]]ites, [[Edomites]], [[Aram Rehob]] and the kings of [[Zobah]], the [[Philistines]], and the [[Amalekites]].<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|14:47|NKJV}}</ref><ref name="je">{{cite encyclopedia |first1=Joseph |last1=Jacobs |first2=Ira Maurice |last2=Price |first3=Isidore |last3=Singer |first4=Jacob Zallel |last4=Lauterbach |title=Saul |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Encyclopedia]] |year=1906 |access-date=15 September 2014 |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13224-saul}}</ref> A biblical summary states that "wherever he turned, he was victorious".<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|14:47|NLT}}: [[New Living Translation]]; other translations vary</ref>

In the second year of his reign, King Saul, his son Jonathan, and a small force of a few thousand Israelite soldiers defeated a massive Philistine force of 3,000 chariots, 6,000 horsemen, and more than 30,000 infantry in the pass of [[Michmash]]. After the battle, Saul instructs his armies, by a rash oath, to fast. [[Methodist]] commentator [[Joseph Benson]] suggests that "Saul's intention in putting this oath was undoubtedly to save time, lest the Philistines should gain ground of them in their flight. But the event showed it was a false policy; for the people were so faint and weak for want of food, that they were less able to follow and slay the Philistines than if they had stopped to take a moderate refreshment".<ref>[http://biblehub.com/commentaries/benson/1_samuel/14.htm Benson Commentary on 1 Samuel 14], accessed 7 May 2017.</ref> Jonathan's party were not aware of the oath and ate honey resulting in Jonathan realizing that he had broken an oath of which he was not aware, but was nevertheless liable for its breach, until popular intervention allowed Jonathan to be saved from death on account of his victory over the Philistines.<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|14:24-45|NKJV}}</ref>

=== Rejection ===
[[File:Witch of Endor. Dore 1866.jpg|upright=1.13|thumb|''Saul and the [[Witch of Endor]]'' by [[Gustave Dore]]]]
During Saul's campaign against the Philistines, Samuel said that he would arrive in seven days to perform the requisite rites. When a week passed with no word of Samuel, and with the Israelites growing restless, Saul prepares for battle by offering sacrifices. Samuel arrives just as Saul is finishing sacrificing and reprimands Saul for not obeying his instructions.

Several years after Saul's victory against the Philistines at Michmash Pass, Samuel instructs Saul to make war on the [[Amalekite]]s and to "utterly destroy" them including all their livestock<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|15:3|NKJV}}</ref> in fulfilment of a mandate set out:<ref>{{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|25:19|NRSV}}</ref>
:''When the Lord your God has given you rest from all your enemies on every hand, in the land that the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance to possess, you shall blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven; do not forget''.
Having forewarned the [[Kenite]]s who were living among the Amalekites to leave, Saul goes to war and defeats the Amalekites. Saul kills all the men, women, children and poor quality livestock, but leaves alive the king, [[Agag]], and best livestock. When Samuel learns that Saul has disobeyed and plundered the livestock for self-gain, he informs Saul that God has rejected him as king. As Samuel turns to go, Saul seizes hold of his garments and tears off a piece; Samuel prophesies that the kingdom will likewise be torn from Saul. Samuel then kills Agag himself. Samuel and Saul each return home and never meet again after these events.<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|15:33-35|HE}}</ref>

=== Saul and David ===
[[File:Saul and David by Rembrandt Mauritshuis 621.jpg|thumb|upright=1.13|''David Plays the Harp for Saul'', by [[Rembrandt van Rijn]], {{circa|1650}} and 1670]]
After Samuel tells Saul that God has rejected him as king, [[David]], a son of [[Jesse (biblical figure)|Jesse]], from the [[tribe of Judah]], enters the story: from this point on Saul's story is largely the account of his increasingly troubled relationship with David.
*Samuel heads to [[Bethlehem]], ostensibly to offer [[korban|sacrifice]] and invited Jesse and his sons. Dining together, Jesse's sons are brought one by one to Samuel, each being rejected; at last, Jesse sends for David, the youngest, who is tending sheep. When brought to Samuel, David is anointed by him in front of his other brothers.
*In 1 Samuel 16:25-23, Saul is troubled by an evil spirit sent by God.<ref>[http://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/1_samuel/16.htm Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on 1 Samuel 16], accessed 12 May 2017.</ref> He requests soothing music, and a servant recommends David the son of Jesse, who is renowned for his skills as a [[harp]]ist and other talents:<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|16:14–23|HE}}</ref>
:''a son of Jesse the Bethlehemite, who is skillful in playing, a mighty man of valor, a man of war, prudent in speech, and a handsome person; and the Lord is with him''
:When word of Saul's needs reaches Jesse, he sends David, who had been looking after Jesse's flock, with gifts as a [[tribute]],<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|16:20|NKJV}}: a donkey loaded with bread, a skin of wine, and a young goat</ref> and David is appointed as Saul's armor bearer. With Jesse's permission he remains at court, playing the harp as needed to calm Saul during his troubled spells.<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|17:15|NKJV}} suggests David only attended court periodically.</ref>
* The Philistines return with an army to attack Israel, and the Philistine and Israelite forces gather on opposite sides of a valley. The Philistine's champion [[Goliath]] issues a challenge for single combat, but none of the Israelite accept. David is described as a young shepherd who happens to be delivering food to his three eldest brothers in the army, and he hears Goliath's challenge. David speaks mockingly of the Philistines to some soldiers; his speech is overheard and reported to Saul, who summons David and appoints David as his champion. David easily defeats Goliath with a single shot from a [[Sling (weapon)|sling]]. At the end of the passage, Saul asks his general, Abner, who David is.<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|17:1–18:5|HE}}</ref>

Saul offered his elder daughter Merab as a wife to the now popular David, after his victory over Goliath, but David demurred. David distinguishes himself in the Philistine wars. Upon David's return from battle, the women praise him in song:
:''Saul has slain his thousands and David his tens of thousands'' <ref>{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|18:7|NKJV}}, recurring in {{bibleverse|1|Samuel|21:11|NKJV}} and {{bibleverse|1|Samuel|29:5|NKJV}}</ref>
implying that David is the greater warrior. Saul fears David's growing popularity and henceforth views him as a rival to the throne.

Saul's son Jonathan and David become close friends. Jonathan recognizes David as the rightful king, and "made a covenant with David, because he loved him as his own soul."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Samuel%2018%20;&version=47; |title=1 Samuel 18; ESV – David and Jonathan's Friendship |publisher=Bible Gateway |access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref> Jonathan even gives David his military clothes, symbolizing David's position as successor to Saul.

[[File:Jusepe Leonardo 001.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.3|''Saul threatening David'', by [[José Leonardo]]]]
On two occasions, Saul threw a spear at David as he played the harp for Saul. David becomes increasingly successful and Saul becomes increasingly resentful. Now Saul actively plots against David. Saul offered his other daughter, Michal in marriage to David. David initially rejects this offer also, claiming he is too poor. Saul offers to accept a [[bride price]] of 100 Philistine foreskins, intending that David die in the attempt. Instead, David obtains 200 foreskins and is consequently married to Michal. Jonathan arranges a short-lived reconciliation between Saul and David and for a while David served Saul "as in times past"<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|19:1-7|NKJV}}</ref> until "the distressing spirit from the Lord" re-appeared. Saul sends assassins in the night, but Michal helps him escape, tricking them by placing a household idol in his bed. David flees to Jonathan, who arranges a meeting with his father. While dining with Saul, Jonathan explains David's absence, saying he has been called away to his brothers. But Saul sees through the ruse and reprimands Jonathan for protecting David, warning him that his love of David will cost him the kingdom, furiously throwing a spear at him. The next day, Jonathan meets with David and tells him Saul's intent. The two friends say their goodbyes, and David flees into the countryside. Saul later marries Michal to another man.

Saul is later informed by his head shepherd, [[Doeg the Edomite]], that high priest [[Ahimelech]] assisted David, giving him the sword of Goliath, which had been kept at the temple at [[Nob, Israel|Nob]]. Doeg kills Ahimelech and eighty-five other priests and Saul orders the death of the entire population of Nob.

David had left Nob by this point and had amassed some 300 dissatisfied men, including some outlaws. With these men David rescues the town of [[Keilah]] from a Philistine attack. Saul realizes he could trap David and his men by laying the city to siege. David realizes that the citizens of Keilah will betray him to Saul. He flees to [[Ziph (Judean Mountains)|Ziph]] pursued by Saul. Saul hunts David in the vicinity of Ziph on two occasions:
*Some of the inhabitants of Ziph betray David's location to Saul, but David hears about it and flees with his men to Maon. Saul follows David, but is forced to break off pursuit when the Philistines invade. After dealing with that threat Saul tracks David to the caves at [[Ein Gedi]]. As he searches the cave David manages to cut off a piece of Saul's robe without being discovered, yet David restrains his men from harming the king. David then leaves the cave, revealing himself to Saul, and gives a speech that persuades Saul to reconcile.
*On the second occasion, Saul returns to Ziph with his men. When David hears of this, he slips into Saul's camp by night, and again restrains his men from killing the king; instead he steals Saul's spear and water jug, leaving his own spear thrust into the ground by Saul's side. The next day, David reveals himself to Saul, showing the jug and spear as proof that he could have slain him. David then persuades Saul to reconcile with him; the two swear never to harm each other. After this they never see each other again.

=== Battle of Gilboa and the death of King Saul ===
[[File:Bataille de Gelboé.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''The Battle of Gilboa'', by [[Jean Fouquet]], with the protagonists depicted anachronistically with 15th century armour]]
The Philistines make war again, assembling at [[Shunem]], and Saul leads his army to face them at [[Mount Gilboa]]. Before the battle he goes to consult a medium or [[Witch of Endor|witch]] at [[Endor (village)|Endor]]. The medium, unaware of his identity, reminds him that the king has made witchcraft a capital offence, but he assures her that Saul will not harm her. She conjures a spirit which appears to be the prophet [[Samuel]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=Grenville |date=2014-01-01 |title="Call up Samuel": Who Appeared to the Witch at En-Dor? (1 Samuel 28:3-25) |url=https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/auss/vol52/iss2/1 |journal=Andrews University Seminary Studies |volume=52 |issue=2 |issn=0003-2980}}</ref> and tells him that God has fully rejected him, will no longer hear his prayers, has given the kingdom to David and that the next day he will lose both the battle and his life. Saul collapses in fear, and the medium restores him with food in anticipation of the next day's battle.

Saul's death is described by the narrator (and also in 1 Chronicles 10) but a conflicting account is given by a young [[Amalekite]].<ref name="EhrlichWhite2006">{{cite book |first=Samuel A. |last=Meier |editor-first1=Carl S. |editor-last1=Ehrlich |editor-first2=Marsha C. |editor-last2=White |title=Saul in Story and Tradition |chapter=The Sword. From Saul to David |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0b2ho965eQC&pg=PA160 |year=2006 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=978-3-16-148569-5 |page=160 |quote=17. Of the two conflicting accounts of Saul's death in 1 Samuel 31 and 2 Samuel 1, ...}}</ref><ref name="Nicholson2014">{{cite book |first=Ernest |last=Nicholson |title=Deuteronomy and the Judaean Diaspora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMzQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA162 |date=February 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-870273-3 |page=162 |quote=What thematic purpose is served, however, and how is the 'unity' of the narrative advanced, by two conflicting accounts of Saul's death: what has a twofold account of this incident to do with the legitimizing of David and how does it place Saul in an 'unfavourable light'?}}</ref><ref name="Bregman2010">{{cite book |first=Lucy |last=Bregman |title=Religion, Death, and Dying |volume=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IvS11snZnQ0C&pg=RA1-PA106 |year=2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-35180-8 |page=106 |quote=The Bible is clear that King Saul died by suicide; however, it contains conflicting accounts of the particulars.}}</ref> The defeated Israelites flee from the enemy and Saul asks his armour bearer to kill him, but the armour bearer refuses because he is too scared, and so Saul falls upon his own sword. But the Amalekite tells David he found Saul leaning on his spear after the battle and delivered the ''[[coup de grâce]]'' then took the Saul's crown and armband. David has the Amalekite put to death, advancing the theme that David will never kill the Lord's anointed king (cf. 1 Samuel 24, 26).

The victorious Philistines recover Saul's body as well as those of his three sons who also died in the battle, decapitate them and display them on the wall of Beth-shan. They display Saul's armour in the temple of [[Astarte|Ashtaroth]] (an [[Ashkelon|Ascalonian]] temple of the Canaanites). But at night the inhabitants of [[Jabesh-Gilead]] retrieve the bodies for cremation and burial.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Samuel 31:8–13, 1 Chronicles 10:12|multi=yes}}</ref> Later on, David takes the bones of Saul and of his son Jonathan and buries them in Zela, in the tomb of his father.<ref>{{bibleverse|2 Samuel|21:12–14}}</ref><ref>G. Darshan, [https://www.academia.edu/7021887 "The Reinterment of Saul and Jonathan's Bones (II Sam 21, 12–14) in Light of Ancient Greek Hero-Cult Stories"], [[ZAW]], 125,4 (2013), 640–645.</ref> The account in 1 Chronicles summarises by stating that:
:''Saul died for his unfaithfulness which he had committed against the Lord, because he did not keep the word of the Lord, and also because he consulted a medium for guidance''.<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|10:13-14|NKJV}}</ref>