Editing Scarf (section)

==History==
[[File:018 Conrad Cichorius, Die Reliefs der Traianssäule, Tafel XVIII (cropped).jpg|thumb|195px|''Focalia'' on a panel from Trajan's Column]]

===Antiquity and the Middle Ages===
Scarves have been worn since [[ancient history]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mackrell |first=Alice |title=Shawls, stoles, and scarves |date=1986 |publisher=Batsford |isbn=978-0-7134-4876-4 |location=London}}</ref> In 1350 BC, in [[Ancient Egypt]], [[Nefertiti|Queen Nefertiti]] is said to have worn a tightly woven [[headscarf]], and a 9th-century BC [[statue of Ashurnasirpal II]] depicts the emperor wearing a [[shawl]].<ref name="Jenessa">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Jenessa |date=4 November 2021 |title=The history of scarves |url=https://www.readersdigest.co.uk/lifestyle/fashion-beauty/the-history-of-scarves |access-date=4 January 2023 |publisher=Reader's Digest}}</ref><ref name="Look">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2016 |title=Fashionttile-Archives: A Look at the History of the Scarf |url=https://startupfashion.com/fashion-archives-a-look-at-the-history-of-the-scarf/ |access-date=8 January 2023 |publisher=Startup fashion}}</ref>

In 500 BC in [[Athens]], women wore scarves to enhance their seductive charm; in the same period, Indian women wore them flirtatiously as headgear.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=Devadas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3uD22Ghqs4C&dq=history+of+scarves+in+India&pg=PA162 |title=Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary |publisher=Popular Prakshan Private Limited |year=1997 |isbn=978-81-7154-807-1 |access-date=6 January 2023}}</ref>

During the reign of the Chinese [[Qin Shi Huang|Emperor Cheng]], from 259 to 210 BC, scarves were used as military markers to identify the rank of Chinese warriors or their status as officers; many of the [[Terracotta Army|Terracotta Warriors]] are depicted wearing them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A History of Scarves in Antiquity |url=http://www.tasaram.com/scarves-in-antiquity.html |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=www.tasaram.com}}</ref>

In [[Ancient Rome]], around AD 10, the garment was used for cleanliness rather than warmth. It was called a [[focale]] or ''sudarium'' ({{Translation|"sweat cloth"}}) and was used to wipe sweat from the neck and face in hot weather. Scarves were originally worn by men around their necks or were tied to [[Belt (clothing)|belts]].<ref name="Jenessa" />

In the 1200s, Egyptian [[belly dancer]]s wore a scarf-like belt low on the hips to highlight their body movements.<ref name=Jenessa/>

===Modern era===
Around the 17th century in [[Croatia]], soldiers of all ranks wore scarves; officers wore silk scarves while other ranks were issued with cotton scarves. Some Croatian soldiers served as mercenaries with the French forces; their scarves were sometimes referred to as "[[Cravat (early)|cravat]]s" (from the French ''cravate'', meaning "Croat"), and were the precursor to the necktie. The modern British "cravat" is called an "ascot" in American English.<ref name=Jenessa/><ref name=Look/>

During the [[French Revolution]], women and men wore differently coloured scarves to display their political affiliations to democratic principles of ''Liberté'', ''Egalité'', ''Fraternité''; and ''Cravates''. The French epitomised the elegant scarf style. The French word for "scarf" is a derivative of the Croatian word ''Karvata''.<ref name=Look/><ref name="Friedman">{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Lauren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HM0WAgAAQBAJ&dq=scarf&pg=PA121 |title=50 Ways to Wear a Scarf |date=11 February 2014 |publisher=Chronicle Books LLC |isbn=978-1-4521-3219-8 |page=121 to 124 |access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref>

In the [[New England]] region of North America, bereaved families were given a scarf as a thank-you gift, as a mark of respect.<ref name=Jenessa/>

[[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] found Egyptian scarves attractive and bought them as gifts for his wife. After this gift, Empress [[Empress Joséphine|Josephine Bonaparte]] is believed to have acquired over 400 scarves in the following three years costing about £80,000. Following this, the people of [[Paisley, Renfrewshire|Paisley]], Scotland, started manufacturing their own scarves.<ref name=Jenessa/><ref name="Guide">{{Cite web |year=2023 |title=History of Scarves - Our Complete Guide |url=https://www.rampleyandco.com/pages/history-of-scarves |access-date=8 January 2023 |publisher=Rampley and Co}}</ref>

The scarf became a real fashion accessory by the early 19th century for both men and women.<ref name=Jenessa/><ref name=Friedman/>

====Twentieth century====
During World War I and II, women in the United States considered it a patriotic duty to knit scarves for the soldiers, along with other necessities. During these two wars, fighter pilots wore scarves to keep themselves warm in high altitudes and to cover their necks.<ref name=Friedman/>

By the middle of the 20th century, scarves became one of the most versatile clothing accessories for both men and women.<ref name=Jenessa/><ref name=Friedman/> Throughout the 20th century, the fashion industry adopted the scarf. [[Thierry Hermès]] of [[Hermès]] created silk scarves that were modelled on those Napoleon's soldiers wore in battle. Hermes started making scarves that were designed by some of the biggest names in the fashion and music industries in Hollywood; actor [[Grace Kelly]] sported one of Hermes's scarves.<ref name=Look/><ref name=Friedman/> Hermes imported raw silk from China that was made into long-lasting high-quality fabric with hand print; the process involved 43 screens to produce colour effects, and this printed scarf design was exhibited in a picture by two women in white wigs playing a game.<ref name=Look/>

Silk scarves were also modelled by actors [[Faye Dunaway]] in ''[[Bonnie and Clyde]]'' (1967) and [[Diane Keaton]] in ''[[Annie Hall]]'' (1977). [[Madonna]], in the 1980s, corralled her [[perm (hairstyle)|perm]] with a scarf. [[Alexander McQueen]]'s much-copied silk-skull scarves have generated rage among celebrities and fans.<ref name=Friedman/>