Editing Scientometrics (section)

== Historical development ==
<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nalimov |first1=Vasily Vasilyevich |last2=Mulchenko |first2=B. M. |title="Scientometrics." Studies of science as a process of information. |journal=Science |date=1969 |location=Moscow, Russia}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=From the science of science to Scientometrics visualizing the history of science with HistCite software |journal=Journal of Informetrics |date=2009 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=173–179 |doi=10.1016/j.joi.2009.03.009 |url=http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/papers/issispain2007.pdf |access-date=15 May 2021 |language=en |issn=1751-1577|last1=Garfield |first1=Eugene }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Валеев |first1=Д. Х. |last2=Голубцов |first2=В. Г. |script-title=ru:Юридическая Наукометрия И Цивилистические Исследования |script-journal=ru:Методологические Проблемы Цивилистических Исследований |date=2018 |pages=45–57 |url=https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=36796110 |access-date=15 May 2021 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Борисов |first1=М. В. |last2=Майсуразде |first2=А. И. |title=Восстановление связей в научном рубрикаторе на основе кластеризации гетерогенной сети. |publisher=Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова |date=2014 |url=http://www.recognition.su/wiki/images/6/62/2014_517_BorisovMV.pdf |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>
Modern scientometrics is mostly based on the work of [[Derek J. de Solla Price]] and [[Eugene Garfield]]. The latter created the [[Science Citation Index]]<ref name="ScientometricsLeydesdorff" /> and founded the [[Institute for Scientific Information]] which is heavily used for scientometric analysis. A dedicated academic journal, [[Scientometrics (journal)|''Scientometrics'']], was established in 1978. The industrialization of science increased the number of publications and research outcomes and the rise of the computers allowed effective analysis of this data.<ref>[[Derek de Solla Price|De Solla Price, D.]], ''editorial statement''. '''Scientometrics''' Volume 1, Issue 1 (1978)</ref> While the sociology of science focused on the behavior of scientists, scientometrics focused on the analysis of [[Publication|publications]].<ref name="ScientometricsLeydesdorff" /> Accordingly, scientometrics is also referred to as the scientific and empirical study of science and its outcomes.<ref name="papers.ssrn.com">{{cite journal | last1 = Lowry | first1 = Paul Benjamin | last2 = Romans | first2 = Denton | last3 = Curtis | first3 = Aaron | year = 2004 | title = Global journal prestige and supporting disciplines: A scientometric study of information systems journals | ssrn = 666145 | journal = Journal of the Association for Information Systems | volume = 5 | issue = 2| pages = 29–80 | doi = 10.17705/1jais.00045 | url = https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1362&context=jais | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Lowry, Paul Benjamin 2013">Lowry, Paul Benjamin; Moody, Gregory D.; Gaskin, James; Galletta, Dennis F.; Humpherys, Sean; Barlow, Jordan B.; and Wilson, David W. (2013). "[https://ssrn.com/abstract=2186798 Evaluating journal quality and the Association for Information Systems (AIS) Senior Scholars' journal basket via bibliometric measures: Do expert journal assessments add value?]," MIS Quarterly (MISQ), vol. 37(4), 993–1012. Also, see a YouTube video narrative of this paper at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZQIDkA-ke0.</ref>

The [[International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics]] founded in 1993 is an association of professionals in the field.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://www.issi-society.org/about/|access-date=2021-01-18|website=International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics|language=en}}</ref>

Later, around the turn of the century, evaluation and ranking of scientists and institutions came more into the spotlights. Based on bibliometric analysis of scientific publications and citations, the [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] ("Shanghai ranking") was first published in 2004 by the [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]. [[Impact factor]]s became an important tool to choose between different journals. Rankings such as the Academic Ranking of World Universities and the [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]] (THE-ranking) became an indicator for the status of universities. The [[H-index|''h''-index]] became an important indicator of the productivity and impact of the work of a scientist. However, alternative [[author-level metrics]] have been proposed.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Belikov, A.V. |author2=Belikov, V.V. | year = 2015 | title = A citation-based, author- and age-normalized, logarithmic index for evaluation of individual researchers independently of publication counts | journal = F1000Research | volume = 4 | page= 884 | doi = 10.12688/f1000research.7070.1 | pmc = 4654436 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1= Kinouchi, O.| year = 2018| title = A simple centrality index for scientific social recognition| journal = Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications|volume = 491|pages = 632–640 | doi = 10.1016/j.physa.2017.08.072 | arxiv = 1609.05273| bibcode = 2018PhyA..491..632K| s2cid = 22795899}}</ref>

Around the same time, the interest of governments in evaluating research for the purpose of assessing the impact of science funding increased. As the investments in scientific research were included as part of the U.S. [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]] (ARRA), a major economic stimulus package, programs like [[STAR METRICS]] were set up to assess if the positive impact on the economy would actually occur.<ref name="Lane1">{{cite journal | last1 = Lane | first1 = J | title = Assessing the Impact of Science Funding | journal = Science | volume = 324 | year = 2009 | issue = 5932 | pages = 1273–1275 | doi = 10.1126/science.1175335 | pmid = 19498153 | s2cid = 206520769 }}</ref>