Editing Scoti (section)

==History==
An early use of the word can be found in the ''Nomina Provinciarum Omnium'' (Names of All the Provinces), which dates to about AD 312. This is a short list of the names and provinces of the Roman Empire. At the end of this list is a brief list of tribes deemed to be a growing threat to the Empire, which included the ''Scoti'', as a new term for the Irish.<ref>P. Freeman, ''Ireland and the Classical World'', Austin, 2001, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA91 91]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA92 92].</ref> There is also a reference to the word in [[Prosper of Aquitaine|St Prosper]]'s chronicle of AD 431 where he describes [[Pope Celestine I|Pope Celestine]] sending [[Palladius (bishop of Ireland)|St Palladius]] to Ireland to preach "''ad Scotti in Christum''" ("to the Scots who believed in Christ").<ref>M. De Paor – L. De Paor, ''Early Christian Ireland'', London, 1958, p. 27.</ref>

Thereafter, periodic raids by Scoti are reported by several later 4th and early 5th century Latin writers, namely [[Pacatus]],<ref>Pacatus, ''Panegyric'' 5.1.</ref> [[Ammianus Marcellinus]],<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, ''Res Gestae'' XX 1.1; XXVI 4.5; XXVII 8.5.</ref> [[Claudian]]<ref>Claudius Claudianus, ''Panegyricus dictus Honorio Augusto tertium consuli'' [http://www.divusangelus.it/claudianus/hon3.htm 52–58]; ''Panegyricus dictus Honorio Augusto quartum consuli'' [http://www.divusangelus.it/claudianus/hon4.htm 24–33]; ''De consulatu Stilichonis'' [http://www.divusangelus.it/claudianus/stilicho2.htm II 247–255]; ''Epithalamium dictum Honorio Augusto et Mariae'' [http://www.divusangelus.it/claudianus/nupt.htm 88–90]; ''Bellum Geticum'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/l/roman/texts/Claudian/De_Bello_Gothico*.html 416–418].</ref> and the [[Chronica Gallica of 452]].<ref>''Chronica Gallica ad annum'' 452, Gratiani IV (= T. Mommsen (ed.), ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores antiquissimi'' IX, Berlin, 1892, p. [http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb00000798.html?pageNo=646 646]).</ref> Two references to Scoti have been identified in Greek literature (as Σκόττοι), in the works of [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]], Bishop of [[Salamis, Cyprus|Salamis]], writing in the 370s.<ref>P. Rance,
[https://www.academia.edu/3676904/Epiphanius_of_Salamis_and_the_Scotti_new_evidence_for_late_Roman-Irish_relations_Britannia_43_2012_227-242 Epiphanius of Salamis and the Scotti: new evidence for late Roman-Irish relations], in ''Britannia'' 43 (2012), pp. 227–242.</ref> The fragmentary evidence suggests an intensification of Scoti raiding from the early 360s, culminating in the so-called "[[Great Conspiracy|barbarian conspiracy]]" of 367–368, and continuing up to and beyond the [[End of Roman rule in Britain|end of Roman rule c. 410]]. The location and frequency of attacks by Scoti remain unclear, as do the origin and identity of the [[Gael]]ic population-groups who participated in these raids.<ref>P. Freeman, ''Ireland and the Classical World'', Austin, 2001, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA88 88]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA106 106]; P. Rance,
[https://www.academia.edu/3676904/Epiphanius_of_Salamis_and_the_Scotti_new_evidence_for_late_Roman-Irish_relations_Britannia_43_2012_227-242 Epiphanius of Salamis and the Scotti: new evidence for late Roman-Irish relations], in ''Britannia'' 43 (2012), pp. 227–242.</ref>

By the 5th century, the Gaelic or ''[[Goidelic languages|Scottish]]'' kingdom of [[Dál Riata]] had emerged in the area of modern Scotland that is now [[Argyll]]. Although this kingdom was destroyed and subjugated by the [[Pictland|Pictish kingdom]] of the 8th century under [[Oengus I|Angus I]], the convergence of [[Pictish language|Pictish]] and Gaelic languages over several centuries resulted in the [[Edward the Elder|English]] labelling Pictland under [[Constantine II of Scotland|Constantine II]] as ''Scottish'' in the early 10th century, first attested in AD 920, viewing the Picts as speaking a [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]] tongue. The growing influence of the English and [[Scots language|Scots]] languages from the 12th century with the introduction of Anglo-French knights and southerly expansion of Scotland's borders by [[David I of Scotland|David I]] saw the terms ''Scot'', ''[[Scottish people|Scottish]]'' and ''[[Scotland]]'' also begin to be used commonly by natives of that country.<ref>From Caledonia to Pictland, Scotland to 795, James E. Fraser, 2009, Edinburgh University Press</ref><ref>From Pictland to Alba, 789-1070, Alex Woolf, 2007, Edinburgh University Press</ref>