Editing Screen printing (section)

== History ==
[[File:Heart Mountain Relocation Center, Heart Mountain, Wyoming. Members of the Poster Shop Staff at the . . . - NARA - 539255.jpg|thumb|left|The poster shop at [[Heart Mountain War Relocation Center]] was operated by Japanese-American internees who used the silkscreen method to print information for the entire center. (January 1943)]]

=== Origin ===
Screen Printing takes its origin from  block printing which originated in China, which was the influence for Japanese [[Ise katagami]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuo; Wilson; Michie |first=Susanna Campbell; Richard C.; Thomas S. |title=Carved Paper: The Art of the Japanese Stencil |date=1998 |publisher=[[Weatherhill]] |isbn=9780834804098 |pages=3,4 |language=English}}</ref> Early records of Japanese stencils in the west indicate the art was introduced around 1873, which lines up with development of screen printing as it is known today. 

=== Adoption in the West ===
Screen printing was largely introduced to Western Europe from Asia sometime in the late 18th century, but did not gain large acceptance or use in Europe until silk mesh was more available for trade from the east and a profitable outlet for the medium discovered.

Early in the 1910s, several printers experimenting with photo-reactive chemicals used the well-known [[actinic light]]–activated cross linking or hardening traits of potassium, sodium or ammonium [[chromate and dichromate]] chemicals with glues and [[gelatin]] compounds. Roy Beck, Charles Peter and Edward Owens studied and experimented with chromic acid salt sensitized emulsions for photo-reactive stencils. This trio of developers would prove to revolutionize the commercial screen printing industry by introducing photo-imaged stencils to the industry, though the acceptance of this method would take many years. Commercial screen printing now uses sensitizers far safer and less toxic than bichromates. Currently,{{When|date=November 2019}} there are large selections of pre-sensitized and "user mixed" sensitized emulsion chemicals for creating photo-reactive stencils.

A group of artists who later formed the [[National Serigraph Society]], including [[Works Progress Administration|WPA]] artists [[Max Arthur Cohn]], [[Anthony Velonis]] and [[Hyman Warsager]], coined the word "serigraphy" in the 1930s to differentiate the artistic application of screen printing from the industrial use of the process.<ref name="Velonis">{{cite web |title=Interview with WPA silkscreen artist Tony Velonis |url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/wpapos/interview.html |website=Library of Congress |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> "Serigraphy" is a compound word formed from Latin "sēricum" (silk) and Greek "graphein" (to write or draw).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/serigraphy?r=14 |title=Serigraphy &#124; Define Serigraphy at Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=2012-11-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025131823/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/serigraphy?r=14 |archive-date=2012-10-25 }}</ref>

Historians of the New York WPA poster shop give sole credit to Anthony Velonis for establishing silkscreen methods used there, a reputation bolstered by the publication of his 1937 booklet ''Technical Problems of the Artist: Technique of the Silkscreen Process.'' Guido Lengweiler has corrected this misunderstanding in his book, ''A History of Screen Printing'', published in English in 2016. Outgrowths of these WPA poster shops, at least two New York City studios in wartime started decorating ceramic tiles with fire-on underglaze applied by silkscreen starting as early as 1939: Esteban Soriano and [[Harold Ambellan]]'s workshop called [[Designed Tiles]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jenssen |first1=Victoria |title=Designed Tiles: A Silkscreen Studio in New York, NY 1939-1978 |journal=Tile Heritage |date=Summer 2022 |volume=XI |pages=21–37}}</ref>

The Printers' National Environmental Assistance Center says, "Screenprinting is arguably the most versatile of all printing processes. Since rudimentary screenprinting materials are so affordable and readily available, it has been used frequently in [[underground art|underground]] settings and [[subculture]]s, and the non-professional look of such [[DIY culture]] screenprints have become a significant cultural aesthetic seen on movie posters, record album covers, flyers, shirts, commercial fonts in advertising, in artwork and elsewhere.{{Verify quote|date=October 2020}}

=== 1960s to present ===
[[File:Video Proses Silk Screen.webm|thumb|left|Video of Silk Screening process for decal paper to be pasted on the ceramic wares]]
Credit is given to the artist [[Andy Warhol]] for popularising screen printing as an artistic technique. Warhol's silk screens include his 1962 [[Marilyn Diptych]], which is a portrait of the actress [[Marilyn Monroe]] printed in bold colours. Warhol was supported in his production by master screen printer [[Michel Caza]], a founding member of [[Fespa]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.moma.org/documents/moma_catalogue_183_300089967.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.moma.org/documents/moma_catalogue_183_300089967.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |location=New York, N.Y. |title=Pop impressions: Europe/USA |publisher=The Museum of Modern Art, Department of Prints and Illustrated Books |date=1999 |pages=1–2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.printweek.com/print-week/india-in-depth/1131201/guru-screen-print-michel-caza |last=Mistry |first=Bhargav |title=To the Guru of Screen Print, Michel Caza |work=Print Week |date=2010-12-07 |access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref>

[[Sister Mary Corita Kent]] gained international fame for her vibrant serigraphs during the 1960s and 1970s. Her works were rainbow coloured, contained words that were both political, and fostered peace and love and caring.

American entrepreneur, artist and inventor Michael Vasilantone started to use, develop, and sell a rotatable multicolour garment screen printing machine in 1960. Vasilantone later filed for a patent<ref name="patft.uspto.gov">{{cite web |url=http://patft.uspto.gov/ |title=patft » Page 1 of 1 |publisher=Patft.uspto.gov |date=2010-08-26 |access-date=2012-11-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019041123/http://patft.uspto.gov/ |archive-date=2012-10-19 }}</ref> on his invention in 1967 granted number 3,427,964 on 18 February 1969.<ref name="patft.uspto.gov"/> The original machine was manufactured to print logos and team information on [[bowling]] garments, but was soon directed to the new fad of printing on T-shirts. The Vasilantone patent was licensed by multiple manufacturers and the resulting production and boom in printed T-shirts made this ''garment'' screen printing machine popular. Screen printing on garments currently{{When|date=November 2019}} accounts for over half of the screen printing activity in the United States.<ref name="sgia.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.sgia.org/surveys_and_statistics/ |title=Industry Analysis |publisher=Sgia.org |access-date=2012-11-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014161004/http://www.sgia.org/surveys_and_statistics/ |archive-date=2012-10-14 }}</ref>

Graphic screen-printing is widely used today to create mass- or large-batch produced graphics, such as posters or display stands. Full colour prints can be created by printing in [[CMYK color model|CMYK]] (cyan, magenta, yellow and black).

Screen printing lends itself well to printing on canvas. [[Andy Warhol]], [[Arthur Okamura]], [[Robert Rauschenberg]], [[Roy Lichtenstein]], [[Harry Gottlieb]] and many other artists have used screen printing as an expression of creativity and artistic vision.

Another variation, digital hybrid screen printing, is a union between analog screen printing and traditional digital direct-to-garment printing, two of the most common textile embellishment technologies in use today. Essentially, digital hybrid screen printing is an automatic screen-printing press with a CMYK digital enhancement located on one of the screen print stations. Digital hybrid screen printing is capable of variable data options, creating endless customizations, with the added ability of screen print specific techniques.