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== History and progression == In 1974, moving the cursor to the left margin while using [[Bravo (software)|Bravo]] changed its shape to a double-headed arrow to allow for scrolling. Pressing the left or top red button scrolled the content up, and the line next to the cursor went to the top of the window. Pressing the right or bottom blue button scrolled the content down, and the line at the top of the window went down to the cursor. Holding down the middle yellow button changed the cursor to a thumb, allowing for jumping to that percentage of the document with an indicator of current placement.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lampson|first1=Butler W.|title=Alto Non-Programmer's Guide|date=September 1979|publisher=Xerox Corporation|page=34|url=http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/xerox/alto/Alto_Users_Handbook_Sep79.pdf}}</ref> In 1977, [[Smalltalk]] included a stable scrollbar on the left side of the focus window. Clicking at the right half of the scrollbar moved the content up, and the left half moved the content down. The center thumb of the bar could be dragged smoothly and showed the percentage of the content visible; the first proportional scroll bar.<ref>{{cite book|title=How To Use the Smalltalk-76 System|date=October 1979|publisher=Xerox Corporation|url=http://xeroxalto.computerhistory.org/Filene/Smalltalk-76/.document.press!1.pdf}}</ref> In 1980, [[Interlisp]] had a scrollbar that appeared on the left side of the window as the cursor moved towards the left. The bar's shaded thumb showed the percentage of content visible and was controlled by the middle button. The left button scrolled up to move the selected position to the top edge of the window, and the right button scrolled down to move the top edge of the window to the selected position.<ref>{{cite book|title=Interlisp Reference Manual|date=October 1983|publisher=Xerox Corporation|url=http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/interlisp-d/3100186-Interlisp_Oct83.pdf}}</ref> Between 1981 and 1982, the [[Xerox Star]] moved the scrollbar to the right to get it out of the way and reduce visual clutter. Scroll arrows pointed inwards in the direction the content would move based on user studies, and + and β buttons allowed for scrolling by pages. The thumb was a fixed size diamond, independent of how much of document is visible. Clicking in the thumb elevator region would jump to that part of document.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dix|first1=Alan|title=Hands across the screen|journal=Interfaces|date=Spring 1998|issue=37|pages=19β22}}</ref> In 1983, the [[Apple Lisa]] had arrows pointing up and down, page buttons, and a fixed size thumb. In 1984, the [[Macintosh 128K|Macintosh]] had a light gray rectangle with a "scroll box" thumb, "gray area" track, and arrows pointing in opposite directions towards the content that would be exposed when the respective arrow was pressed. Arrows would scroll a single unit upon one click or auto repeat upon continuous press. Page buttons were removed, and the elevator track could be clicked in instead to move to the next section. Upon pressing the thumb, dragging it would bring it to that particular point unless movement was made far out of the scrollbar before release, aborting the action. An empty scrollbar was displayed when a window was not in focus or if the entire document was visible within the window.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Apple Computer, Inc.|title=Macintosh Human Interface Guidelines|date=1992|publisher=Addison-Wesley|location=Reading, Massachusetts}}</ref> In 1985, [[Graphics Environment Manager|GEM]] used a proportionally-sized "scroll box" thumb, but otherwise operated identically to the Macintosh. The net result was a modern scrollbar that looked and felt no different from the scrollbar in Windows today. GEM allowed the mouse to be moved far away from the scrollbar after clicking and holding, to reduce hand-eye coordination problems. [[AmigaOS]] followed later in the year, also with proportionally-sized scroll boxes. Also in 1985, Viewpoint used the right button to move content by percent or by window rather than by page. In 1988, [[Open Look]] created an elevator thumb with arrow keys directly on it. Clicking on the track moved by pages, and auto repeat would push the pointer along. Cable anchors were placed at the beginning and end of the document, and the center of the elevator could be dragged.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Heller|first1=Dan|title=XView Programming Manual|date=1990|publisher=O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.|url=ftp://ftp.ora.com/pub/openlook/vol7a.pdf}}</ref> In 1989, [[NeXT]] moved the scrollbar back to the left side of the window.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Steve Jobs' New 'machine for the '90's'|journal=BYTE|date=1988|page=6}}</ref> The thumb was proportionally sized with arrows together at the bottom of the bar. Actions auto repeated, and the alt-key would move content by window. The thumb could be dragged, and using the alt-key while dragging would slow its movement. In 1997, the [[PalmPilot]] included a conventional scrollbar where text extended past screen boundaries with use of both a draggable thumb and arrows that could be tapped with a stylus. It also had two physical buttons for scrolling up and scrolling down respectively.<ref>{{cite book|title=PalmPilot Handbook|date=1997|publisher=3Com Corporation|url=http://www.hpwebos.com/us/support/handbooks/palmpilothb.pdf}}</ref> In 2001, [[Mac OS X 10.0]] used a proportional thumb and moved both arrow buttons to the bottom of the bar. In 2007, the [[iPhone]] and [[iOS]] included a regular scrollbar in the web browser and other applications, though it was only for output and could not be interacted with. In contacts, a scrollbar of letters was provided to jump through content.<ref>{{cite book|title=iPhone User Guide|date=2011|publisher=Apple Inc.|url=https://manuals.info.apple.com/MANUALS/1000/MA1539/en_US/iPhone_iOS4_User_Guide.pdf}}</ref> In 2011, [[Mac OS X Lion|Mac OS X 10.7]] removed the buttons from the end of the bar and was designed to look more like the iOS scrollbar. With the same release of Mac OS X 10.7, Apple introduced "natural scrolling," which means that the screen moves in the same direction as the user's fingers are moving when they use the two finger scroll gesture. If the user's fingers move up the trackpad, the content on the page goes up, allowing the user to read content further down the page, and vice versa.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hamburger|first1=Ellis|title=Here's Why Mac OS X Lion's "Natural Scrolling" Feels So Horribly Unnatural|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/mac-os-x-lion-natural-scrolling-2011-7|website=Business Insider|publisher=Business Insider Inc.}}</ref> In the 2015 version of [[Microsoft Word]] for Macs, disappearing scrollbars were introduced. The placement within a document was no longer visible when the mouse was outside the bar area even if the window in question was in focus. The purpose of this change was to conform to Macsβ standard design practices of hiding the scrollbar when it is not immediately needed for information hierarchical purposes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Word 2016 For Mac Quick Start Guide|url=https://sway.com/idJYy1Tumyfwim_i|website=Microsoft}}</ref>
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