Editing Selig Polyscope Company (section)

==History==
[[File:Fairylogue-Color-Process-Still.jpg|thumb|Surviving hand-tinted still from ''The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays'' (1908), based on L. Frank Baum's Oz books]]
[[File:General view of Selig Polyscope Company, studio and backlot, 1911.jpeg|thumb|Selig studio facilities and extensive backlot in Chicago, 1911]]

William Selig initially worked as a [[Vaudeville]] [[Magic (illusion)|magician]] in the [[Midwest]] and then a [[minstrel show]] operator on the west coast in [[California]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Robert Murray |title=Shooting Cowboys and Indians: Silent Western Films, American Culture, and the Birth of Hollywood by Andrew Brodie Smith (review) |journal=Western American Literature |date=2005 |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=465–466|doi=10.1353/wal.2005.0061 |s2cid=165425332 }}</ref> Returning to Chicago, [[Chicago]], he entered the film business using his own photographic equipment, free from the [[patent]] restrictions that were imposed through companies controlled by [[Thomas Edison]]. In 1896, with help from Union Metal Works and Andrew Schustek, he shot his first film, ''[[The Tramp and the Dog]]''.

He then went on to successfully produce local actualities, [[slapstick]] comedies, early [[travelogue (films)|travelogue]]s and [[sponsored film|industrial film]]s (a major client was [[Armour and Company]]). In 1908, Selig Polyscope was involved in the production of ''[[The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays]]'', a touring "multimedia" attempt to bring [[L. Frank Baum]]'s [[The Oz books|Oz books]] to a wider public (which played to full houses but was nonetheless a financial disaster for Baum).

By 1909, Selig had studios making short features in Chicago and the [[Edendale, Los Angeles|Edendale district of Los Angeles]]. The company also distributed stock film footage and titles from other studios. That year, [[Roscoe Arbuckle]]'s first movie was a Selig comedy short.

The company's early existence was fraught with legal turmoil over disputes with lawyers representing [[Thomas Edison]]'s interests. In 1909, Selig and several other studio heads settled with Edison by creating an alliance with the inventor. Effectively a [[cartel]], [[Motion Picture Patents Company]] dominated the industry for a few years until the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] (in 1913 and 1915) ruled the firm was an illegal [[monopoly]].

In 1910, Selig Polyscope produced a wholly new filmed version of ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film)|The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]''. The company produced the first commercial two-reel film, ''[[Damon and Pythias]]'', successfully distributed its pictures in Great Britain, and maintained an office in London for several years before the outbreak of [[World War I]]. Although Selig Polyscope produced a wide variety of moving pictures, the company was most widely known for its wild animal shorts, historical subjects and early [[Western (genre)|western]]s.<ref>"[https://www.newspapers.com/image/304647576/?terms=%22Selig%20Polyscope%22%20and%20%22wild%20animals&match=1 Gary Scene of Realism Galore Today]." Munster, Indiana: ''The Times'', June 14, 1910, p. 5 (subscription required).</ref><ref>"[https://www.newspapers.com/image/76686835/?terms=%22Selig%20Polyscope%22%20and%20westerns&match=1 Latest Selig Western]." Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania: ''Mount Carmel Item'', March 10, 1910, p. 4 (subscription required).</ref>

In 1916, Selig Polyscope was hired by the [[Indiana State Library and Historical Bureau|Indiana Historical Commission]] to research, plan and film "the centennial historical picture of Indiana." Estimated to be a seven-reel production that would require the use of seven thousand feet of film, two reels were to be devoted to a prologue that detailed the state's early history, with the remainder of the reels to address the period of 1816 to 1916. Company location scouts reportedly searched for three hundred sites for actors and actresses to "re-enact the [historical] scenes on the identical grounds where they occurred." Gillson Willetts wrote the screenplay.<ref>"[https://www.newspapers.com/image/140318788/?terms=%22Selig%20Polyscope%20Company%22&match=1 Historical Films Approved and Work Has Begun]." Brook, Indiana: ''The Brook Reporter'', March 31, 1916, p. 7 (subscription required).</ref>

===Edendale===
{{further|Edendale, Los Angeles}}
Attracted by Southern California's mild, dry climate, varied geography for location shooting and isolation from Edison's legal representatives on the east coast, Selig set up his studio in [[Edendale, Los Angeles|Edendale]] in 1909 with director [[Francis Boggs]], who began the facility in a rented [[bungalow]] and quickly expanded, designing the studio's front entrance after [[Mission San Gabriel]].<ref>"[https://www.newspapers.com/image/956549542/?terms=Selig%20and%20Boggs%20and%20Edendale&match=1 How the Picture Films Are Made]." Red Lodge, Montana: ''The Republican Picket'', December 15, 1910, p. 6 (subscription required).</ref>

[[File: Selig Polyscope Company studio ca. 1910.jpg|thumb|right|Street view of Selig's studio in Edendale, c. 1910]]

Between 1910 and 1913, when it released the film to audiences nationwide, Selig Polyscope filmed ''[[The Coming of Columbus]]''. Described as "the sensation of the moving picture world" and "the most expensive, the most elaborate and most wonderful graphic moving picture film ever made," the three-reel movie portrayed "the vital events in the life and discoveries of [[Christopher Columbus]]" that were "with historic exactness." The film took three years to develop at a cost of more than $50,000.<ref>"[https://www.newspapers.com/image/404073993/?terms=%22Selig%20Polyscope%20Company%22&match=1 Coming of Columbus in Motion Pictures]." Montpelier, Vermont: ''Montpelier Morning Journal'', February 3, 1913, p. 8 (subscription required).</ref>

An early production there was ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]''. Edendale soon became Selig Polyscope's headquarters, but in 1911 Boggs was murdered by a Japanese gardener who also wounded Selig. The company produced hundreds of short features at Edendale, including many early westerns featuring [[Tom Mix]] (which were also shot at [[Las Vegas, New Mexico]]).

Selig Polyscope also made dozens of highly successful short movies involving wild animals in exotic settings, including a popular re-creation of an African [[safari]] hunt by [[Teddy Roosevelt]]. In 1914, Selig made fourteen short experimental "[[talking pictures]]" with Scottish actor [[Harry Lauder]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/indexes/earlySoundFilms.html|title=Silent Era : Progressive Silent Film List|website=www.silentera.com|access-date=September 9, 2018}}</ref>

===The "cliffhanger"===
In 1913, through a collaborative partnership with the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', Selig produced ''[[The Adventures of Kathlyn]]'', introducing a dramatic [[Serial (film)|serial]] plot device which came to be known as the [[cliffhanger]].<ref>Lupack, Barbara Tepa. "[http://normanstudios.org/nsdrc/project/a-the-adventures-of-kathlyn/ A...is for The Adventures of Kathlyn]." Jacksonville, Florida: Norman Studios, retrieved online July 3, 2023.</ref> Each chapter's story was simultaneously published in the newspaper. A combination of wild animals, clever dramatic action and [[Kathlyn Williams]]' screen presence resulted in significant success. The ''Tribune''’s circulation reportedly increased by ten percent and a dance and a cocktail were named after Williams, whose likeness was reportedly sold on more than 50,000 [[postcard]]s.

===Hearst-Selig News Pictorial===
Hearst-Selig News Pictorial was established in 1914 by the Selig Polyscope Company and the [[Hearst Corporation]]. Hearst-Selig News Pictorial, No. 104 was released in U.S. theaters by the [[General Film Company]] on December 30, 1915. After this release, the partnership between Hearst and Selig broke up. Selig continued to produce newsreels in collaboration with the [[Chicago Tribune]] while Hearst made use of Vitagraph to produce the [[Hearst-Vitagraph News Pictorial]] series.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hearst-Selig News Pictorial, No. 104 (1915) |url=https://www.imdb.com/Name?tt4615978 |website=IMDb |access-date=February 15, 2021}}</ref><ref>"[https://www.newspapers.com/image/355131061/?terms=%22Selig%20Polyscope%20Company%22&match=1 Somewhere]" (advertisement announcing Selig Polyscope's collaboration with ''The Chicago Tribune''). Chicago, Illinois: ''The Chicago Tribune'', December 26, 1915, p. 50 (subscription required).</ref>

===V-L-S-E, Incorporated===
In 1915, Selig entered into an agreement with [[Vitagraph Studios]], [[Lubin Manufacturing Company]], and [[Essanay Studios]] to form a film distribution partnership known as [[Vitagraph Studios#V-L-S-E, Incorporated|V-L-S-E, Incorporated]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qyOhBAAAQBAJ&q=V-L-S-E&pg=PA55|title=The Movies in the Age of Innocence, 3d ed.|first=Edward|last=Wagenknecht|date=October 13, 2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780786494620|access-date=September 9, 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref>

===Selig Zoo===
{{main|Selig Zoo}}
Selig created a zoo in east Los Angeles to serve as a home for the company's performing animals. The Selig Zoo was founded in about 1913 and persisted for several decades under a variety of names.<ref>"[https://www.newspapers.com/image/634376581/?terms=%22Selig%20Polyscope%20Company%22&match=1 In the Photoplay World]." Fort Worth, Texas: ''Fort Worth Star-Telegram'', November 7, 1915, p. 33 (subscription required).</ref>