Editing Semarang (section)

== History ==
{{Quote box |width=23em |align=left |bgcolor=GhostWhite
|title=Historical affiliations
|fontsize=90% |quote={{flagicon|}} [[Demak Sultanate]] (1547–1554)<br />
{{flagicon|}} [[Kingdom of Pajang]] (1568–1587)<br />
{{flag|Mataram Sultanate}} (1587–1705)<br />
{{flag|Dutch East India Company}} (1705–1799)<br />
{{flag|Dutch East Indies}} (1800–1942)<br />
{{flag|Empire of Japan}} (1942–1945)<br />
{{flag|Dutch East Indies}} (1945–1949)<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag of Indonesia.svg}} [[United States of Indonesia]] (1949–1950)<br />
{{flag|Indonesia}} (1950–present)
}}

The history of Semarang goes back to the 9th century, when it was known as Bergota. At the end of the 15th century, appointed by the demak sultanate an islamic scholar named {{Interlanguage link|Ki Ageng Pandan Arang|lt=Ki Ageng Pandan Arang|id|Ki Ageng Pandan Arang}} founded a village and an Islamic school in this fishing village. On 2 May 1547, [[Joko Tingkir|Sultan Hadiwijaya]] of [[Kingdom of Pajang|Pajang]] declared Pandan Arang as the first bupati (mayor) of Semarang, thus creating Semarang administratively and politically.

In 1678, Sunan [[Amangkurat II]] promised to give control of Semarang to the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) as a part of a debt payment.<ref name="EVNI 1919 740-4">{{cite book |editor1-last=Stibbe |editor1-first=D. G. |title=Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië, Derde Deel N-Soema |date=1919 |publisher=Nijhoff |location=s'-Gravenhage |pages=740–4 |edition=2 |url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB02:000117876 |language=nl |access-date=13 November 2021 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129083135/https://www.delpher.nl/nl/boeken/view?coll=boeken&identifier=MMKB02:000117876 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Cribb 2000 86-95">{{cite book |last1=Cribb |first1=R. B. |title=Historical atlas of Indonesia |date=2000 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |location=Honolulu |isbn=0-8248-2111-4 |pages=86–95}}</ref> In 1682, the Semarang state was founded by the Dutch colonial power. On 5 October 1705 after years of occupations, Semarang officially became a VOC city when Susuhunan [[Pakubuwono I]] made a deal to give extensive trade rights to the VOC in exchange of wiping out [[Mataram Sultanate|Mataram]]'s debt. The VOC, and later, the [[Dutch East Indies]] government, established [[tobacco]] plantations in the region and built roads and railroads, making Semarang an important colonial trading centre. {{citation needed|date=September 2014}}

The historic presence of a large Indo (Eurasian) community in the area of Semarang is also reflected by the fact a creole mix language called [[Javindo]] existed there.<ref>De Gruiter, Miel. "''Javindo, a contact language in pre-war Semarang''". (Peter Bakker & Maarten Mous. Mixed Languages: 15 Case Studies in Language Intertwining. Amsterdam: IFOTT. 1994.) pp. 151–159.</ref>
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=== Classical Indische Town (1678–1870) ===
[[File:AMH-5587-NA Map of Samarang.jpg|thumb|left|The early VOC settlement of Semarang with its prominent pentagonal fortress.]]

Semarang was handed by the [[Mataram Sultanate|Sultan of Mataram]] to the Dutch East Indies in 1678.<ref name="EVNI 1919 740-4" /> The city was pictured as a small settlement with a pious Muslim area called ''Kauman'', a Chinese quarter, and a Dutch fortress. The fortress has a pentagonal form with only one gate in the south and five monitoring towers to protect the Dutch settlement from rebellion actions, segregating the spaces between Dutch settlement and other areas.<ref>Purwanto, L. M. F. (2005). Kota Kolonial Lama Semarang. Dimensi Teknik Arsitektur, 33(1), 27-33</ref> In fact, the city of Semarang was only referred to the Dutch quarter while the other ethnic settlement were considered as villages outside the city boundary. The city, known as de Europeesche Buurt, was built in classical European style with church located in the centre, wide boulevards, streets and villas.<ref name="Pratiwo. 2005">Pratiwo. (2005). The City Planning of Semarang 1900–1970. In F. Colombijn, M. Barwegen, P. Basundoro & J. A. Khusyairi (Eds.), Old City, New City: The History of the Indonesian City Before and After Independence. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak.</ref> According to Purwanto (2005),<ref>Purwanto, L. M. F. (2005). Kota Kolonial Lama Semarang. Dimensi Teknik Arsitektur, 33(1), 27-33.</ref> the urban and architectural form of this settlement is very similar to the design principles applied in many Dutch cities.

Due to the long and costly Java War, there was not much funding from the Dutch East Indies government, and this affected Semarang's development. Most land in the area was used for rice cultivation and the only small improvement was the development of a surrounding fortress. Although less developed, Semarang is a fairly well organized city, in which urban activities were concentrated along the river and the settlement is linked to a market where different ethnic groups met to trade. The existence of the market, in the later years, become a primary element and a generator of urban economic growth.<ref name="Nas, P. J. M. 2002">Nas, P. J. M., & Pratiwo. (2002). Java and De Groote Postweg, La Grande Route, the Great Mail Road, Jalan Raya Pos’. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde, 158(4), 707–725.</ref>

After the departure of [[Herman Willem Daendels]], Napoleonic governor of Java, the Dutch reorganized Java into [[Residency (administrative division)|Residencies]], and Semarang became the seat of the new [[Semarang Residency]] in 1817. An important influence on urban growth was the Great Mail Road project in the 1847, which connected all the cities in the northern coast of Central and East Java and positioned Semarang as the trade centre of agricultural production.<ref name="Colombijn, F. 2002">Colombijn, F. (2002). Introduction; On the road. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde, 158(4), 595-617.</ref> The project was soon followed by the development of the [[Staatsspoorwegen|Staatsspoorwegen Railway]] and the connecting roads into the inner city of Semarang at the end of the 19th century.<ref name="Nas, P. J. M. 2002" /> Colombijn (2002)<ref name="Colombijn, F. 2002" /> marked the development as the shift of urban functions, from the former river orientation to all services facing the roads.

=== Modern city (1870–1922) ===
[[File:Coat of arms of Semarang (1827).svg|thumb|left|200px|Coat of Arms of Semarang during Dutch colonial era, granted in 1827.]]
The [[Dutch East Indies]]' mail and railway projects improved communication and transportation, bringing an economic boom to the city in the 1870s. Hospitals, churches, hotels, and mansions were built along the new main roads of Mataram Street, Bojongscheweg, and Pontjolscheweg.<ref name="Pratiwo. 2005" /> The Javanese quarters of town known as [[kampong]]s grew increasingly densely populated, reaching as many as 1000 inhabitants per [[hectare]] and degrading living conditions.<ref name="Cobban, J. L. 1993">{{citation |last=Cobban |first=J.L. |date=1993 |title=Public Housing in Colonial Indonesia, 1900–1940 |work=Modern Asian Studies |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=871–896}}.</ref> Mortality remained high into the early 20th century, with newcomers, overcrowding, and poor hygiene triggering [[cholera]] and [[tuberculous]] outbreaks.<ref>{{citation |last=Silver |first=C. |date=2008 |title=Planning the Megacity: Jakarta in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Psychology Press}}.</ref> [[Dysentery]], [[typhoid]], and [[malaria]] were also rife.<ref name="schnee">{{citation |last=Snijders |first=Emilius Paulus |title=Hoofdartikelen: Dr. W. Th. de Vogel 90 Jaar Terugblik op een Rijk Leven |work=Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde |url=https://www.ntvg.nl/system/files/publications/1953107140001a.pdf |date=10 March 1953 |volume=97 |issue=12 |pages=714–717 |location= |publisher= |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506161406/https://www.ntvg.nl/system/files/publications/1953107140001a.pdf |url-status=live }}. (Dutch)</ref> The city doctor [[Willem T. de Vogel]] advocated strenuously for reducing overcrowding and improving living conditions by extending Semarang into the less malarial hill country to its south;<ref name="schneye">{{citation |last=Van Roosmalen |first=Pauline Katherina Maria |contribution-url=https://www.academia.edu/34471083/Modern_lndisch_town_planning |contribution=Modern Indisch Town Planning |date=2017 |pages=265–303 |editor-last=Coté |editor-first=Joost |editor2-last=O'Neill |editor2-first=Hugh |editor3-last=Van Roosmalen |editor3-first=Pauline Katherina Maria |editor4-last=Jessup |editor4-first=Helen Ibbitson |display-editors=0 |title=The Life and Work of Thomas Karsten |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Architectura & Natura Press |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506232927/https://www.academia.edu/34471083/Modern_lndisch_town_planning |url-status=live }}.</ref> his fellow councilman [[Hendrik Freerk Tillema|Hendrik Tillema]] had campaigned on a platform of combatting malaria and joined De Vogel's scheme, broadening it into a "village improvement" ({{langx|nl|kampongverbetering}}) movement.<ref name="Cobban, J. L. 1993" /> Purchasing land in the heights with their own money, the two men and some friends passed it on to the city with an initial zoning plan by [[Karel Petrus Cornelis de Bazel|KPC de Bazel]] in 1907 but could never convince a majority of the council to support its development.<ref name="schnee"/><ref name="schneye"/> Changing tack, Tillema then worked to improve the existing kampongs in the city's malarial districts by improving drainage and providing more sanitary public toilets and public housing.<ref name="Cobban, J. L. 1993" />

A decade later, the town approved [[Thomas Karsten]]'s revised plan for the area, using it to build larger villas for the Dutch and wealthy Chinese and Javanese rather than allowing its use by the poor.<ref name="schnee"/><ref name="schneye"/><ref name="schnappi">{{citation |last=Winckel |first=Charles Willem Frederik |title=Personalia: In Memoriam Dr. W. Th. de Vogel |url=https://www.ntvg.nl/system/files/publications/1955108990001a.pdf |work=Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde |date=19 March 1955 |volume=99 |issue=12 |pages=899–900 |location= |publisher= |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506161408/https://www.ntvg.nl/system/files/publications/1955108990001a.pdf |url-status=live }}. (Dutch)</ref> This area became known as Candi Baru ({{langx|nl|Nieuw Tjandi}}) and forms the core of the present-day Candisari District. Although it remained highly stratified by class,<ref name="Pratiwo. 2005" /> Candi Baru had less ethnic segregation than the older area of town and incorporated public squares, athletic facilities, and places for public bathing and washing that could be used communally.<ref name="Cote, J. 2004">Cote, J. (2004). Colonial designs: Thomas Karsten and the planning of urban Indonesia. Imprint, 2004, 01-01.</ref> With most work remaining in the lower city and transportation slow or expensive, few of the lower classes were interested in moving to the district<ref name="schneye"/> but it set a pattern that was followed with three more successful housing plans between 1916 and 1919. The population grew by 55%, adding 45,000 Javanese, 8500 Chinese, and 7000 Europeans. Karsten's approach to town planning emphasized its aesthetic, practical, and social requirements articulated in economic terms rather than purely racial ones.<ref name="Cote, J. 2004" />

Driven by economic growth and spatial city planning, the city had doubled in size and expanded to the south by the 1920s, creating a nucleus of a metropolis where multi-ethnic groups lived and traded in the city. The villages in the suburbs such as Jomblang and Jatingaleh steadily became the satellite towns of Semarang, more populated with a bigger market area. Before the invasion of Japan in 1942, Semarang had already become the capital of [[Central Java]] province, as the result of trade and industrial success and spatial planning.<ref name="Pratiwo. 2005" />

<gallery widths="190px" heights="180px">
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het hoofdkantoor van de Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (NIS) in Semarang TMnr 10032316.jpg|[[Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij|NIS]] company head office (Gedung [[Lawang Sewu]]), Semarang, [[Dutch East Indies]].
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Chinees huis in Semarang TMnr 60022048.jpg|A Chinese house in Semarang at the turn of the 20th century.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Luchtfoto van Semarang rechtsboven N.I.S. station TMnr 10014760.jpg|Aerial picture of Old Semarang area in the 1920s.
File:Locomotive and Teak Table in front of Lawang Sewu building, Semarang.jpg|Old [[0-6-0]] locomotive next to the [[Lawang Sewu]] building.
</gallery>

=== Japanese occupation and early independence ===
The [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] military occupied the city, along with the rest of Java, in 1942, during the [[Pacific War]] of [[World War II]]. During that time, Semarang was headed by a military governor called a Shiko, and two vice governors known as Fuku Shiko. One of the vice governors was appointed from [[Japan]], and the other was "chosen" from the local population. {{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

After [[Indonesian independence]] in 1945, Semarang became the capital of [[Central Java]] on 18 August 1945,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tidak Langsung 34, Ada 8 Provinsi yang Baru Dibentuk pada Awal Kemerdekaan - Semua Halaman - Bobo |url=https://bobo.grid.id/read/082180909/tidak-langsung-34-ada-8-provinsi-yang-baru-dibentuk-pada-awal-kemerdekaan |access-date=2020-08-14 |website=bobo.grid.id |language=id |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031133718/https://bobo.grid.id/read/082180909/tidak-langsung-34-ada-8-provinsi-yang-baru-dibentuk-pada-awal-kemerdekaan |url-status=live }}</ref> headed by Mr. Moch.Ichsan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-05 |title=Daftar Walikota Semarang Sejak 1945 Hingga Sekarang |url=http://seputarsemarang.com/daftar-walikota-semarang-sejak-1945-sekarang-8660/ |access-date=2020-08-14 |website=Seputar Semarang |language=id |archive-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717195955/http://seputarsemarang.com/daftar-walikota-semarang-sejak-1945-sekarang-8660/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Military history===
It also became the site of a [[Battle of Semarang|battle]] (Five days battle, ''Pertempuran lima hari'') between the new Indonesian military and Japanese soldiers in October 1945.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukhti |first1=M. F. |title=Orang Semarang Melawan Jepang |url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/orang-semarang-melawan-jepang-vxGqJ |access-date=10 June 2019 |work=Historia |date=19 October 2017 |language=id |archive-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524172653/https://historia.id/politik/articles/orang-semarang-melawan-jepang-vxGqJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Shortly after that, what had been the Indonesia-conducted [[Ambarawa]], [[Magelang]], and [[Battle of Ambarawa|Ungaran offensive]]s reached Semarang city on 15 December 1945, causing an 87-day battle that swept away the [[UK|British]] and [[Dutch military]] completely.