Editing September 11 (section)

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
*[[AD 9|9]] &ndash; The [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]] ends: The [[Roman Empire]] suffers the greatest defeat of its history and the [[Rhine]] is established as the border between the Empire and the so-called [[Germanic peoples|barbarians]] for the next four hundred years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/september-11-attacks/8749978/Sandi-Toksvig-on-September-11.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/september-11-attacks/8749978/Sandi-Toksvig-on-September-11.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |last=Toksvig |first=Sandi |title=Sandi Toksvig on September 11 |date=11 September 2011 |access-date=17 October 2018 |website=The Daily Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*[[1185]] &ndash; [[Isaac II Angelos]] kills [[Stephen Hagiochristophorites]] and then appeals to the people, resulting in the revolt that deposes [[Andronikos I Komnenos]] and places Isaac on the throne of the [[Byzantine Empire]].
*[[1275]] &ndash; [[1275 British earthquake|An earthquake]] occurred in the south of Great Britain, notably causing multiple fatalities as well as destroying St Michael's Church on [[Glastonbury Tor]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Notes on Individual Earthquakes |url=http://www.quakes.bgs.ac.uk/earthquakes/historical/historical_listing.htm |publisher=[[British Geological Survey]] |accessdate=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119072210/http://www.quakes.bgs.ac.uk/earthquakes/historical/historical_listing.htm |archive-date=2007-11-19 }}</ref>
*[[1297]] &ndash; [[Battle of Stirling Bridge]]: Scots jointly led by [[William Wallace]] and [[Andrew Moray]] defeat the English.<ref name=BTL28>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=BTL28|desc=Battle of Stirling Bridge|access-date=18 June 2020}}</ref>
*[[1390]] &ndash; [[Lithuanian Civil War (1389–92)]]: The [[Teutonic Knights]] begin a five-week siege of [[Vilnius]].
*[[1541]] &ndash; [[Santiago]], Chile, is attacked by indigenous warriors, led by [[Michimalonco]], to free eight indigenous chiefs held captive by the Spaniards.<ref>{{cite book | last = Kanellos | first = Nicolás | title = Chronology of Hispanic-American history: from pre-Columbian times to the present | publisher = Gale Research | location = New York | year = 1995 | isbn = 9780810392007 | page=40}}</ref> 
*[[1565]] &ndash; [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces retreat from [[Malta]] ending the [[Great Siege of Malta]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Ganado | first = Albert | title = A study in depth of 143 maps representing the great siege of Malta of 1565 | publisher = Bank of Valletta Publishers Enterprises Group | location = Valletta, Malta San Gwann, Malta | year = 1994 | isbn = 9789990900507 | pages=30–64}}</ref>

===1601–1900===
*[[1609]] &ndash; [[Henry Hudson]] arrives on [[Manhattan Island]] and meets the indigenous people living there.
*[[1649]] &ndash; [[Siege of Drogheda]] ends: [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s [[Roundhead|Parliamentarian]] troops take the town and execute its garrison.<ref>{{cite book|author1=James Stuart Olson|author2=Robert Shadle|title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1996|page=383}}</ref>
*[[1683]] &ndash; Coalition forces, including the famous [[winged Hussars]], led by Polish King [[John III Sobieski]] lift the siege laid by Ottoman forces ahead of the [[Battle of Vienna]].
*[[1697]] &ndash; [[Battle of Zenta]]: a major engagement in the [[Great Turkish War]] (1683–1699) and one of the most decisive defeats in [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] history.<ref>{{cite book|author1=C. Curtiss Johnson|author2=Trevor Nevitt Dupuy|title=Analysis of Factors that Have Influenced Outcomes of Battles and Wars: A Data Base of Battles and Engagements : Final Report|publisher=Historical Evaluation and Research Organization, Division of T.N. Dupuy Associates|year=1983|page=105}}</ref>
*[[1708]] &ndash; [[Charles XII of Sweden]] stops his march to conquer Moscow outside [[Smolensk]], marking the turning point in the [[Great Northern War]]. The army is defeated nine months later in the [[Battle of Poltava]], and the [[Swedish Empire]] ceases to be a [[major power]].
*[[1709]] &ndash; [[Battle of Malplaquet]]: Great Britain, Netherlands, and Austria fight against France.
*[[1714]] &ndash; [[Siege of Barcelona (1713–14)|Siege of Barcelona]]: [[Barcelona]], capital city of the [[Principality of Catalonia]], surrenders to Spanish and French [[Philip V of Spain|Bourbon]] armies in the [[War of the Spanish Succession]].
*[[1758]] &ndash; [[Battle of Saint Cast]]: France repels British invasion during the [[Seven Years' War]].
*[[1775]] &ndash; [[Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec]] leaves [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].
*[[1776]] &ndash; British–American [[Staten Island Peace Conference|peace conference]] on [[Staten Island]] fails to stop nascent [[American Revolutionary War]].
*[[1777]] &ndash; American Revolutionary War: [[Battle of Brandywine]]: The British celebrate a major victory in [[Chester County, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Brandywine: A Military History of the Battle that Lost Philadelphia but Saved America, September 11, 1777|last = Harris|first = Michael|publisher = Savas Beatiuùuù hie|year = 2014|isbn = 978-1-61121-162-7|location = El Dorado Hills, CA|page = 55}}</ref>
*[[1780]] &ndash; American Revolutionary War: [[Sugarloaf massacre]]: A small detachment of militia from [[Northampton County, Pennsylvania]], are attacked by Native Americans and [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] near [[Little Nescopeck Creek]].
*[[1786]] &ndash; The beginning of the [[Annapolis Convention (1786)|Annapolis Convention]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Schechter | first = Stephen | title = The Reluctant pillar: New York and the adoption of the federal Constitution | publisher = Russell Sage College | location = Troy, NY | year = 1985 | isbn = 9780930309008 | page=35}}</ref>
*[[1789]] &ndash; [[Alexander Hamilton]] is appointed the first [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]].
*[[1792]] &ndash; The [[Hope Diamond]] is stolen along with other French crown jewels when six men break into the house where they are stored.
*[[1800]] &ndash; The Maltese [[National Congress Battalions]] are disbanded by British [[List of Civil Commissioners of Malta|Civil Commissioner]] [[Alexander Ball]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Milanes | first = Victor | title = The British colonial experience, 1800–1964: the impact on Maltese society | publisher = Mireva Publications | location = Msida, Malta | year = 1988 | isbn = 9781870579018 | page=12}}</ref>
*[[1802]] &ndash; France annexes the [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Kingdom of Piedmont]].
*[[1803]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Delhi (1803)|Battle of Delhi]], during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], between British troops under [[Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake|General Lake]], and [[Maratha]]s of [[Scindia]]'s army under General Louis Bourquin ends in a British victory.<ref>{{cite book | last=Capper | first=John | title=Delhi, the Capital of India | publisher=Asian Educational Services | year=1997 | isbn=978-81-206-1282-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqqBPS1TDUgC&pg=PA28| page=28}}</ref>
*[[1813]] &ndash; [[War of 1812]]: British troops arrive in [[Mount Vernon]] and prepare to march to and invade [[Washington, D.C.]]
*[[1814]] &ndash; War of 1812: The climax of the [[Battle of Plattsburgh]], a major United States victory in the war.
*[[1826]] &ndash; [[William Morgan (anti-Mason)|Captain William Morgan]], an ex-[[freemason]] is arrested in [[Batavia, New York]] for debt after declaring that he would publish [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18136/18136-h/18136-h.htm The Mysteries of Free Masonry], a book against [[Freemasonry]]. This sets into motion the events that led to his [[William Morgan (anti-Mason)#Disappearance|mysterious disappearance]].
*[[1829]] &ndash; An expedition led by [[Isidro Barradas]] at [[Tampico]], sent by the Spanish crown to retake Mexico, surrenders at the [[Battle of Tampico (1829)|Battle of Tampico]], marking the effective end of Spain's resistance to Mexico's campaign for independence.
*[[1830]] &ndash; [[Anti-Masonic Party]] convention; one of the first American political party conventions.
*[[1836]] &ndash; The [[Riograndense Republic]] is proclaimed by rebels after defeating [[Empire of Brazil]]'s troops in the Battle of Seival, during the [[Ragamuffin War]].
*[[1851]] &ndash; [[Christiana Resistance]]: Escaped slaves led by [[William Parker (abolitionist)|William Parker]] fight off and kill a slave owner who, with a federal marshal and an armed party, sought to seize three of his former slaves in [[Christiana, Pennsylvania]], thereby creating a cause célèbre between slavery proponents and abolitionists.
*[[1852]] &ndash; Outbreak of [[Revolution of 11 September 1852|Revolution of September 11]] resulting in the [[State of Buenos Aires]] declaring independence as a Republic.
*[[1857]] &ndash; The [[Mountain Meadows massacre]]: [[Mormon]] settlers and [[Southern Paiute|Paiute]]s massacre 120 pioneers at [[Mountain Meadows, Utah]].
*[[1881]] &ndash; In the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] state of [[Canton of Glarus|Glarus]], a [[Rockslide of Elm|rockslide]] buries parts of the village of [[Elm, Switzerland|Elm]], destroying 83 buildings and killing 115 people.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Robin Chowdhury|author2=Phil Flentje|author3=Gautam Bhattacharya|title=Geotechnical Slope Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYHVZRcjEPUC&pg=PA305|year= 2009|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-203-86420-3|page=305}}</ref>
*[[1897]] &ndash; After months of pursuit, generals of [[Menelik II of Ethiopia]] capture [[Gaki Sherocho]], the last king of the [[Kingdom of Kaffa|Kaffa]].

===1901–present===
*[[1903]] &ndash; The first race at the [[Milwaukee Mile]] in [[West Allis, Wisconsin]] is held. It is the oldest major speedway in the world.
*[[1905]] &ndash; The [[Ninth Avenue derailment]] occurs in New York City, killing 13.
*[[1914]] &ndash; [[World War I]]: Australia invades [[German New Guinea]], defeating a German contingent at the [[Battle of Bita Paka]].
*  1914   &ndash; The [[Second Period of Russification]]: The teaching of the [[Russian language]] and [[History of Russia|Russian history]] in Finnish schools is ordered to be considerably increased as part of the [[Russification of Finland|forced Russification program]] in [[Grand Duchy of Finland|Finland]] run by Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]].<ref>{{cite book | author =  Jorma O. Tiainen | title = Vuosisatamme Kronikka| year = 1987| page = 179 | location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Gummerus Kustannus| isbn = 951-20-2893-X| language = fi}}</ref>
*[[1916]] &ndash; The [[Quebec Bridge]]'s central span collapses, killing 11 men. The bridge previously collapsed completely on [[August 29]], [[1907]].
*[[1919]] &ndash; [[History of Honduras#Honduras in the twentieth century|United States Marine Corps invades Honduras]].
*[[1921]] &ndash; [[Nahalal]], a Jewish [[moshav]] in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], is settled.
*[[1922]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Kars]] is ratified in [[Yerevan]], [[Armenia]].
*[[1941]] &ndash; Construction begins on [[the Pentagon]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facts & Figures: Construction|url=https://pentagontours.osd.mil/facts-construction.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819162620/https://pentagontours.osd.mil/facts-construction.jsp|archive-date=19 August 2014|website=Pentagon Tours}}</ref>
*[[1941]] &ndash; [[Charles Lindbergh]]'s [[Des Moines speech]] accusing the British, Jews and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|FDR's]] administration of conspiring for war with Germany.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olson |first=Lynne |author-link=Lynne Olson |title=Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America's Fight Over World War II, 1939–1941 |publisher=[[Random House]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4000-6974-3 |pages=375–387}}</ref>
*[[1943]] &ndash; [[World War II]]: [[Wehrmacht|German troops]] occupy [[Corsica]] and [[Kosovo]]-[[Metohija]] ending the [[Italian occupation of Corsica]].
*[[1944]] &ndash; World War II: [[RAF]] bombing raid on [[Darmstadt]] and the following firestorm kill 11,500.
*[[1945]] &ndash; World War II: [[Batu Lintang camp]], a Japanese-run POW and civilian internment camp on the island of [[Borneo]], is liberated by [[9th Division (Australia)|Australian 9th Division]] forces.
*[[1954]] &ndash; [[Hurricane Edna]] hits [[New England]] (United States) as a [[Category 2 hurricane]], causing significant damage and 29 deaths.<ref>{{cite book|title=Public Works Appropriations for 1956: Hearings Before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Eighty-fourth Congress, First Session. Eastern Section|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|year=1955|page=298}}</ref>
*[[1961]] &ndash; [[Hurricane Carla]] strikes the [[Texas]] coast as a Category 4 hurricane, the second strongest storm ever to hit the state.
*[[1965]] &ndash; [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Indo-Pakistani War]]: The [[Indian Army]] [[Battle of Burki|captures]] the town of [[Barki, Pakistan|Burki]], just southeast of [[Lahore]].
*[[1967]] &ndash; China's [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) launched an attack on Indian posts at [[Nathu La]], [[Sikkim]], [[India]], which resulted in [[War|military clashes]].
*[[1968]] &ndash; [[Air France Flight 1611]] crashes off [[Nice]], France, killing 89 passengers and six crew.
*  1968   &ndash; [[John Eliot Gardiner]] conducts Monteverdi's ''[[Vespro della Beata Vergine]]'' with the [[Monteverdi Choir]] at the [[BBC Proms|Proms]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/events/en2fxj "Prom 49"], [[BBC]], London. Archive from 11 September 1968.</ref>
*[[1970]] &ndash; The [[Dawson's Field hijackings|Dawson's Field hijackers]] release 88 of their hostages. The remaining hostages, mostly Jews and Israeli citizens, are held until [[September 25]].
*[[1971]] &ndash; The [[History of the Egyptian Constitution|Egyptian Constitution]] becomes official.
*[[1972]] &ndash; The San Francisco [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]] system begins passenger service.
*[[1973]] &ndash; [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|A coup]] in [[Chile]], headed by General [[Augusto Pinochet]], topples the democratically elected president [[Salvador Allende]].<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=The New Yorker |first1=Jonathan |last1=Dee |page=69 |title=A Novel That Links Climate Change and the Death of Salvador Allende |date=4 September 2023|access-date=22 September 2023 |volume=99 |issue=28 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/09/11/the-suicide-museum-ariel-dorfman-book-review}}</ref>
*  1973   &ndash; [[JAT Airways Flight 769]] crashes into the [[Maganik]] mountain range while on approach to [[Podgorica Airport|Titograd Airport]], killing 35 passengers and six crew.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19730911-1|title=ASN Aircraft accident Sud Aviation SE-210 Caravelle VI-N YU-AHD Titograd|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref>
*[[1974]] &ndash; [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 212]] crashes in [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], [[North Carolina]], killing 69 passengers and two crew.
*[[1976]] &ndash; A bomb planted by a Croatian terrorist, [[Zvonko Bušić]], is found at New York's [[Grand Central Terminal]]; one [[NYPD]] officer is killed trying to defuse it.
*[[1980]] &ndash; A new [[Chilean Constitution of 1980|constitution of Chile]] is established under the influence of then Chilean dictator [[Augusto Pinochet]], which is subject to controversy in Chile today.
*[[1982]] &ndash; The international forces that were guaranteeing the safety of [[Palestinian refugees]] following [[Israel]]'s [[1982 Invasion of Lebanon]] leave [[Beirut]]. Five days later, several thousand refugees are massacred in the [[Sabra and Shatila massacre|Sabra and Shatila refugee camps]] by Phalange forces.
* [[1985]] &ndash; [[Moimenta-Alcafache train crash]], the worst railway accident to occur in [[Portugal]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Fernandes |first=Bruno |date=23 May 2024 |title=11 de Setembro de 1985: Quando a Linha da Beira Alta foi palco de uma tragédia nacional |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.pt/historia/11-setembro_4197 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=National Geographic |language=Portuguese}}</ref>
*[[1989]] &ndash; Hungary announces that the [[East Germany|East German]] refugees who had been housed in temporary camps were free to leave for West Germany.
*[[1990]] &ndash; A [[Faucett Perú|Faucett]] Boeing 727 [[1990 Faucett Perú Boeing 727 disappearance|disappears]] in the Atlantic Ocean while being flown from Malta to Peru.<ref name= "WPST">{{cite news |last1=Claiborne |first1=William |title=Peruvian Airliner Lost in Atlantic Off Canada  |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/09/12/peruvian-airliner-lost-in-atlantic-off-canada/df4b9e17-fcaf-4de3-a1d8-f5173446eb4d/ |access-date=27 December 2020 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=12 September 1990}}</ref>
*[[1991]] &ndash; [[Continental Express Flight 2574]] crashes in [[Colorado County, Texas]], near [[Eagle Lake, Texas|Eagle Lake]], killing 11 passengers and three crew.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19910911-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Embraer EMB-120RT Brasilia N33701 Eagle Lake, TX|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|access-date=2019-06-30}}</ref>
*[[1995]] &ndash; The first game of the [[PCA World Chess Championship 1995]], pitting incumbent champion [[Garry Kasparov]] against challenger [[Viswanathan Anand]], takes place on the 107th floor of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]]'s South Tower in [[New York City]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weber |first=Bruce |date=September 10, 1995 |title=Playing for Chess Crown, and Game's Future |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/10/us/playing-for-chess-crown-and-game-s-future.html |access-date=October 18, 2024 |work=New York Times |pages=1}}</ref>
*[[1997]] &ndash; [[NASA]]'s [[Mars Global Surveyor]] reaches [[Mars]].
*  1997 &ndash; [[Kurkse tragedy]]: Fourteen Estonian soldiers of the Baltic Battalion are drowned or die of hypothermia during a training exercise in the Kurkse Strait.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.err.ee/1608292218/uhtegi-and-tali-will-to-defend-ourselves-breaking-the-greatest-threat|title=Ühtegi and Tali: Will to defend ourselves breaking the greatest threat|website=news.err.ee/|date=July 29, 2021|author=Toomas Sildam|access-date=December 13, 2021}}</ref>
*  1997   &ndash; After a [[1997 Scottish devolution referendum|nationwide referendum]], Scotland votes to establish a [[Scottish Parliament|devolved parliament]] within the United Kingdom.
*[[2001]] &ndash; The [[September 11 attacks]], a series of coordinated terrorist attacks killing 2,977 people using four aircraft hijacked by 19 members of [[al-Qaeda]]. Two aircraft crash into the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] in New York City, a third crashes into [[The Pentagon]] in [[Arlington County, Virginia]], and a fourth into a field near [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite news|title = Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11|publisher = CBC News|date=October 29, 2004|url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-claims-responsibility-for-9-11-1.513654|access-date=11 September 2019 |quote=al-Qaeda's suicide airplane attacks on Sept. 11, 2001.}}</ref>
*[[2007]] &ndash; Russia tests the largest [[conventional weapon]] ever, the [[Father of All Bombs]].
*[[2008]] &ndash; A major [[2008 Channel Tunnel fire|Channel Tunnel fire]] breaks out on a freight train, resulting in the closure of part of the [[Channel Tunnel|tunnel]] for six months.
*[[2011]] &ndash; A dedication ceremony is held at the United States [[National September 11 Memorial & Museum|National September 11 Memorial]] on the 10th anniversary of the [[September 11 attacks]] in New York City, and the memorial opens to family members.<ref>{{cite news |title=Visitors to New York's 9/11 memorial top 1 million |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/29/us/new-york-911-memorial/ |access-date=December 29, 2011 |newspaper=CNN |date=December 29, 2011 |author=<!--Not stated--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006043620/http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/29/us/new-york-911-memorial |archive-date=October 6, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[2012]] &ndash; A total of 315 people are killed in [[2012 Pakistan garment factory fires|two garment factory fires]] in [[Pakistan]].
*  2012 &ndash; The U.S. embassy in [[Benghazi]], Libya is [[2012 Benghazi attack|attacked]], resulting in four deaths.
*[[2015]] &ndash; A [[Mecca crane collapse|crane collapses]] onto the [[Masjid al-Haram]] mosque in [[Saudi Arabia]], killing 111 people and injuring 394 others.
*[[2023]] &ndash; The Libyan city of [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] experiences catastrophic floods after [[Storm Daniel]] causes [[Derna dam collapses|two dams to collapse]], killing over 11,300 people.<ref>{{Cite news |title=CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-66822697 |access-date=2023-09-15}}</ref>
*[[2024]] &ndash; [[Hurricane Francine (2024)|Hurricane Francine]] impacts the [[Gulf of Mexico]], as a Category 2 hurricane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-11 |title=Hurricane Francine makes landfall in Louisiana as a Category 2 storm |url=https://apnews.com/article/hurricane-francine-gulf-coast-louisiana-storm-surge-e9ca39ec56ad28d128d3baa147d249b1 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>