Editing September 21 (section)

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
* [[455]] &ndash; Emperor [[Avitus]] enters [[Italy]] with a Gallic army and consolidates his power.<ref>{{cite book|last=Maenchen-Helfen|first=Otto|title=The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|date=1973|isbn=9780520015968|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKXeEAAAQBAJ|page=145|postscript=none}}; {{cite book|last=Mathisen|first=Ralph W.|title=Studies in the History, Literature and Society of Late Antiquity|location=Amsterdam|publisher=A.M. Hakkert|date=1991|isbn=9789025609832|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6cVmAAAAMAAJ&q=Avitus+%22September+21%22+%22455%22|page=139}}</ref>
*[[1170]] &ndash; [[Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland]]: The [[Kingdom of Dublin]] falls to [[Anglo-Normans|Anglo-Norman]] invaders.<ref>{{cite book|last=State|first=Paul F.|title=A Brief History of Ireland|location=New York|publisher=Facts On File|date=2009|isbn=9780816075164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l24l91AqAjYC|page=66}}</ref>
*[[1217]] &ndash; [[Livonian Crusade]]: The Estonian leader [[Lembitu]] and Livonian leader [[Caupo of Turaida]] are killed in the [[Battle of St. Matthew's Day]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rebane|first=Peep Peter|chapter=From Fulco to Theoderic: The Changing Face of the Livonian Mission|editor-last=Murray|editor-first=Alan V.|title=The North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe: The Expansion of Latin Christendom in the Baltic Lands|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|date=2016|isbn=9781409436805|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KgokDwAAQBAJ|page=99}}</ref>
*[[1435]] &ndash; The [[Congress of Arras|Treaty of Arras]] is promulgated, causing [[Burgundian State|Burgundy]] to switch sides in the [[Hundred Years' War]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Russell|first=Joycelyne Gledhill|title=The Congress of Arras, 1435: A Study in Medieval Diplomacy|location=New York|publisher=Biblo and Tannen|date=1972|isbn=9780819602817|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YEiOso5yIIoC|pages=viii–ix, 179}}</ref>

===1601–1900===
*[[1745]] &ndash; A British government army led by [[John Cope (British Army officer)|Sir John Cope]] is [[Battle of Prestonpans|defeated]] in less than 15 minutes by the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] forces of [[Charles Edward Stuart|Prince Charles Edward Stuart]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Schofield|first=Victoria|title=The Highland Furies: The Black Watch 1739-1899, the Official Regimental History|location=London|publisher=Quercus|date=2012|isbn=9781849165501|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=guDQBAAAQBAJ|page=25}}</ref>
*[[1776]] &ndash; Part of [[New York City]] is [[Great Fire of New York (1776)|burned]] shortly after being occupied by British forces.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Immerwahr |first1=Daniel |title=Did George Washington Burn New York? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/03/george-washington-burn-new-york-great-fire-1776/672780/ |access-date=16 February 2023 |magazine=The Atlantic |volume=331 |issue=2 |date=31 January 2023 |page=74 |language=en |url-access=subscription |issn=1072-7825}}</ref>
*[[1780]] &ndash; [[American Revolutionary War]]: [[Benedict Arnold]] gives the British the plans to West Point.
*[[1792]] &ndash; [[French Revolution]]: The [[National Convention]] [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|abolishes the monarchy]].
*[[1809]] &ndash; British [[Secretary of State for War and the Colonies|Secretary of War]] [[Lord Castlereagh]] and [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Secretary]] [[George Canning]] meet in a [[Castlereagh-Canning duel|duel]] on [[Putney Heath]], with Castlereagh wounding Canning in the thigh.<ref>Hunt, Giles. ''The Duel: Castlereagh, Canning and Deadly Cabinet Rivalry''. Bloomsbury Academic, 2008. p. 137</ref>
*[[1843]] &ndash; The crew of [[Chilean schooner Ancud (1843)|schooner ''Ancud'']], led by [[John Williams Wilson]], [[Chilean colonization of the Strait of Magellan|takes possession]] of the [[Strait of Magellan]] on behalf of the Chilean government.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensa.cl/noticias/a-178-anos-de-la-toma-de-posesion-del-estrecho-de-magallanes-ministro-prokurica-resalta-a-los-unifor/ |title=A 178 años de la Toma de Posesión del Estrecho de Magallanes, ministro Prokurica resalta a los uniformados que hacen Patria en lugares apartados |date=2021-09-22 |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=Ministerio de Defensa Nacional |language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=A history of the Chilean boundaries |last=Talbott |first=Robert D.|chapter=The Strait of Magellan |publisher=The Iowa State University Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-8138-0305-5 |edition=Replica |location=|pages=82}}</ref> 
*[[1860]] &ndash; [[Second Opium War]]: An Anglo-French force defeats Chinese troops at the [[Battle of Palikao]].
*[[1862]] &ndash; [[Taiping Rebellion]]: The [[Ever Victorious Army]] defeats Taiping forces at the [[Battle of Cixi]].<ref name="Jian">{{cite book |last1=Jian |first1=Youwen |title=The Taiping Revolutionary Movement |date=1973 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |page=485}}</ref><ref name="Carr">{{cite book |last1=Carr |first1=Caleb |title=The Devil Soldier: The American Soldier of Fortune Who Became a God in China |date=1992 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |pages=293–294}}</ref>
*[[1896]] &ndash; [[Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan]]: British forces under the command of [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Horatio Kitchener]] take [[Dongola]].
*[[1898]] &ndash; [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] seizes power and ends the [[Hundred Days' Reform]] in [[Qing dynasty|China]].

===1901–present===
*[[1921]] &ndash; A storage silo in Oppau, Germany, [[Oppau explosion|explodes]], killing 500–600 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Ministry of Environment, Explosion in a nitrogenous fertiliser plant, ARIA 14373 |url=https://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/wp-content/files_mf/FD_14373_oppau_1921_ang.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806185119/https://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/wp-content/files_mf/FD_14373_oppau_1921_ang.pdf |archive-date=August 6, 2023 |access-date=August 6, 2023 |website=ARIA}}</ref>
*[[1933]] &ndash; [[Salvador Lutteroth]] establishes Mexican professional wrestling.
*[[1934]] &ndash; A large [[1934 Muroto typhoon|typhoon]] hits western [[Honshu|Honshū]], Japan, killing more than 3,000 people.
*[[1937]] &ndash; [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s ''[[The Hobbit]]'' is published for the first time.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shippey |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Shippey |title=The Hobbit: What has made the book such an enduring success? |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/9555838/The-Hobbit-What-has-made-the-book-such-an-enduring-success.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127082027/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/9555838/The-Hobbit-What-has-made-the-book-such-an-enduring-success.html |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=20 September 2012 |access-date=29 March 2022 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> ([[September 22]] is celebrated by some fans as [[Hobbit Day]], however.) 
*[[1938]] &ndash; The [[1938 New England hurricane|Great Hurricane of 1938]] makes landfall on Long Island in [[New York (state)|New York]]. The death toll is estimated at 500–700 people.
*[[1939]] &ndash; Romanian Prime Minister [[Armand Călinescu]] is assassinated by the [[Iron Guard]].
*[[1942]] &ndash; [[The Holocaust in Ukraine]]: On the Jewish holiday of [[Yom Kippur]], Nazis send over 1,000 Jews of [[Pidhaitsi]] to [[Belzec extermination camp|Bełżec extermination camp]].
*  1942   &ndash; The Holocaust in Ukraine: In [[Dunaivtsi]], Ukraine, Nazis murder 2,588 Jews.
*  1942   &ndash; [[The Holocaust in Poland]]: At the end of Yom Kippur, Germans order Jews to permanently move from Konstantynów to [[Biała Podlaska]].
*  1942   &ndash; The [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress]] makes its maiden flight.
*[[1953]] &ndash; Lieutenant [[No Kum-sok]], a [[North Korea]]n [[Korean People's Army Air and Anti-Air Force|pilot]], defects to [[South Korea]] with his jet fighter.
*[[1957]] &ndash; ''[[Pamir (ship)|Pamir]]'', a four-masted [[barque]], was shipwrecked and sank off the [[Azores]] during [[Hurricane Carrie]].<ref>Hauke Goos. [https://magazin.spiegel.de/EpubDelivery/spiegel/pdf/51955556 "Die Seelenverkäufer"] (in German) - ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', 25/2007, pp.&nbsp;86–95</ref>
*[[1964]] &ndash; [[Malta]] gains independence from the [[United Kingdom]], but remains in the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]].
*  1964   &ndash; The [[North American XB-70 Valkyrie]], the world's fastest bomber, makes its maiden flight from [[Palmdale, California|Palmdale]], California.
*[[1965]] &ndash; [[The Gambia]], [[Maldives]] and [[Singapore]] are admitted as members of the [[United Nations]].
*[[1969]] &ndash; [[Mexicana de Aviación Flight 801]], a Boeing 727-100 passenger plane, crashes during a landing attempt in Mexico City, killing 27 of the 118 occupants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Crash of a Boeing 727-64 in Mexico City: 27 killed |url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-boeing-727-64-mexico-city-27-killed |publisher=Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref>
*[[1971]] &ndash; [[Bahrain]], [[Bhutan]] and [[Qatar]] join the United Nations.
*[[1972]] &ndash; Philippine President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] begins authoritarian rule by [[Proclamation № 1081|declaring martial law]].
*[[1976]] &ndash; [[Orlando Letelier]] is [[Assassination of Orlando Letelier|assassinated]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], at the order of [[Augusto Pinochet]].
*  1976   &ndash; [[Seychelles]] joins the United Nations.
*[[1981]] &ndash; [[Belize]] is granted full independence from the United Kingdom.
*  1981   &ndash; [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] is unanimously approved by the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] as the first female Supreme Court justice.
*[[1984]] &ndash; [[Brunei]] joins the United Nations.
*[[1991]] &ndash; [[Armenia]] gains independence from the [[Soviet Union]].
*[[1993]] &ndash; Russian President [[Boris Yeltsin]] triggers a [[1993 Russian constitutional crisis|constitutional crisis]] when he suspends [[Duma|parliament]] and scraps [[Russian Constitution of 1978|the constitution]].
*  1993   &ndash; A [[1993 Sukhumi airliner attacks|Transair Georgian Airlines Tu-134 is shot down]] by a missile in the [[Black Sea]] near Sokhumi, Georgia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tu-134A-3 c/n 40120 |url=https://www.scramble.nl/database/soviet/details/176_67926 |website=Soviet Transport Database }}</ref>
*[[1996]] &ndash; The [[Defense of Marriage Act]] is passed by the [[United States Congress]].
*[[1997]] &ndash; [[St. Olaf's Church, Tyrvää|St. Olaf's Church]], a stone church from the 16th century in [[Tyrvää]], [[Finland]], is burnt down by a burglar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sastamalanseurakunta.fi/pyhaolavi/english.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720193052/http://www.sastamalanseurakunta.fi/pyhaolavi/english.shtml|url-status=dead|title=Church of St Olaf|archivedate=July 20, 2011}}</ref>
*[[1999]] &ndash; The [[1999 Jiji earthquake|Chi-Chi earthquake]] occurs in central Taiwan, leaving about 2,400 people dead.
*[[2001]] &ndash; ''[[America: A Tribute to Heroes]]'' is broadcast by over 35 network and cable channels, raising over $200&nbsp;million for the victims of the September 11 attacks.
*  2001   &ndash; [[murder of Ross Parker|Ross Parker is murdered]] in [[Peterborough|Peterborough, England]], by a gang of ten British Pakistani youths.
*[[2003]] &ndash; The [[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo spacecraft]] is terminated by sending it into Jupiter's atmosphere.
*[[2012]] &ndash; Three [[Egyptians|Egyptian]] militants open fire on a group of [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli soldiers]] in a [[September 2012 southern Israel cross-border attack|southern Israel cross-border attack]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4284951,00.html|title=Jihadists say launched border attack as 'revenge over film'|date=2012-09-23|work=Ynetnews|access-date=2018-10-30|language=en}}</ref>
*[[2013]] &ndash; [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]] Islamic militants [[Westgate shopping mall attack|attack the Westgate shopping mall]] in [[Kenya]], killing at least 67 people.
*[[2015]] &ndash; [[AdventHealth#Lawsuits|Adventist Health System]] agreed to pay $118.7 million to settle allegations of [[fraud]]. It was the largest a hospital network has ever paid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/adventist-health-whistleblower-settlemen/adventist-health-system-to-pay-118-mln-to-settle-fraud-claims-idUSL1N11R2DK20150921|title=Adventist Health System to pay $118 mln to settle fraud claims|last=Pierson|first=Brendan|date=2015-09-21|website=[[Reuters]]|access-date=2023-10-27}}</ref>
*[[2018]] &ndash; LGBT rights activist [[Zak Kostopoulos]] is beaten to death on a busy street in Athens<ref name=fa>{{cite web |title=The Killing of Zak Kostopoulos |url=https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/the-killing-of-zak-kostopoulos |website=[[Forensic Architecture]] |access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref>
*[[2019]] &ndash; A 5.6 M<sub>w</sub> [[2019 Albania earthquake|earthquake]] shakes the [[Albania]]n port of [[Durrës]]. Forty-nine people are injured in the capital, [[Tirana]].<ref>{{citation|website=Global News|title=5.6 magnitude earthquake strikes Albanian capital city |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5933837/earthquake-albania-tirana/|date=Sep 21, 2019|access-date=Sep 21, 2019}}</ref>