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==Events== ===Pre-1600=== *[[AD 337|337]] – [[Constantine II (emperor)|Constantine II]], [[Constantius II]], and [[Constans]] succeed their father [[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]] as co-emperors. The [[Roman Empire]] is divided between the three [[Augustus (honorific)|Augusti]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Potter |first=D. S. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/780288988 |title=Constantine the Emperor |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975586-8 |location=Oxford |pages=308 |oclc=780288988}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Elton |first=Hugh |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1046072514 |title=The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity: A Political and Military History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-521-89931-4 |location=Cambridge |pages=69–70 |oclc=1046072514}}</ref> *[[AD 1000|1000]] – [[Battle of Svolder]], [[Viking Age]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andersson |first=Theodore M. |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7591/9781501717901/html |title=The Saga of Olaf Tryggvason |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-5017-1790-1 |chapter=Notes to the Text |doi=10.7591/9781501717901}}</ref> *[[1141]] – [[Yelü Dashi]], the [[Liao dynasty]] general who founded the [[Qara Khitai]], defeats the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuq]] and [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Kara-Khanid]] forces at the [[Battle of Qatwan]]. *[[1320]] – In the [[Battle of Saint George]], the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] under [[Andronikos Asen]] ambush and defeat the forces of the [[Principality of Achaea]], securing possession of [[Barony of Arcadia|Arcadia]]. *[[1488]] – [[Anne of Brittany|Anne]] becomes sovereign [[List of rulers of Brittany|Duchess of Brittany]], becoming a central figure in the struggle for influence that leads to the [[union of Brittany and France]]. *[[1493]] – [[Battle of Krbava Field]], a decisive defeat of [[Croats]] in [[Croatia in the union with Hungary|Croatian]] struggle against the invasion by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. * 1493 – [[Christopher Columbus]], with 17 ships and 1,200 men, sails on second voyage from Cadiz.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Legrand|title=Chronicle of the World|publisher=Ecam Publication|year=1989|page=18|isbn=0-13-133463-8}}</ref> *[[1499]] – The citizens of Lisbon celebrate the triumphal return of the explorer [[Vasco de Gama]], completing his two-year journey around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] to India.<ref>{{cite book|first=Clifton|last=Daniel|title=Chronicle of America|publisher=Chronicle publication|year=1989|page=19|isbn=0-13-133745-9}}</ref> *[[1513]] – [[James IV of Scotland]] is defeated and dies in the [[Battle of Flodden]], ending Scotland's involvement in the [[War of the League of Cambrai]]. *[[1543]] – [[Mary, Queen of Scots|Mary Stuart]], at nine months old, is [[coronation|crowned]] "[[Queen of Scots]]" in the central Scottish town of [[Stirling]]. *[[1561]] – The ultimately unsuccessful [[Colloquy of Poissy]] opens in an effort to reconcile [[Roman Catholicism in France|French Catholics]] and [[Huguenot|Protestants]]. *[[1588]] – [[Thomas Cavendish]] in his ship [[Desire (ship)|''Desire'']] enters [[Plymouth]] and completes the first deliberately planned [[Thomas Cavendish's circumnavigation|voyage of circumnavigation]].<ref name=TTH>{{cite book|first=Bernard|last=Grun|title=The Timetables of History|edition=3rd|location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1991|isbn=0-671-74919-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/timetablesofhist1991grun}}</ref> ===1601–1900=== *[[1739]] – [[Stono Rebellion]], the largest slave uprising in [[Thirteen Colonies|Britain's mainland North American colonies]] prior to the [[American Revolution]], erupts near [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. *[[1776]] – The [[Continental Congress]] officially names its [[Political union|union]] of states the United States. *[[1791]] – [[Washington, D.C.]], the capital of the United States, is named after President [[George Washington]]. *[[1796]] – [[Grenelle camp affair]], a failed uprising by supporters of [[Gracchus Babeuf]] against the [[French Directory]]<ref name="Crowe">{{cite book |last1=Evans Crowe |first1=Eyre |title=History of France volume V |date=1858 |publisher=Longmans Green & Co |location=London |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ccJWAAAAMAAJ&dq=grenelle+1796&pg=PR8-IA1 |access-date=14 December 2024}}</ref> *[[1801]] – [[Alexander I of Russia]] confirms the privileges of [[Baltic governorates|Baltic provinces]]. *[[1839]] – [[John Herschel]] takes the first glass plate [[photograph]]. *[[1845]] – Possible start of the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine of Ireland]].<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=267–268|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=''Phytophthora infestans''|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/ashorthistory/archive/intro182.shtml|publisher=BBC|work=A Short History of Ireland|access-date=2012-08-05|archive-date=2012-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113025628/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/ashorthistory/archive/intro182.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[1850]] – The [[Compromise of 1850]] transfers a third of [[Texas]]'s claimed territory to federal control in return for the U.S. federal government assuming $10 million of [[Texas]]'s pre-annexation debt. *1850 – [[California]] is admitted as the thirty-first [[U.S. state]]. *[[1855]] – [[Crimean War]]: The [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)|Siege of Sevastopol]] comes to an end when Russian forces abandon the city. *[[1863]] – [[American Civil War]]: The [[Union Army]] enters [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]]. *[[1892]] – [[Amalthea (moon)|Amalthea]] becomes the last moon to be discovered without the use of photography. ===1901–present=== *[[1914]] – [[World War I]]: The creation of the [[Canadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade]], the first fully mechanized unit in the British Army. *[[1922]] – The [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)|Greco-Turkish War]] effectively ends with Turkish victory over the Greeks in [[Smyrna]]. *[[1923]] – [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], the founder of the [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]], founds the [[Republican People's Party]]. *[[1924]] – [[Hanapepe massacre]] occurs on [[Kauai]], Hawaii. *[[1936]] – The crews of [[Portuguese Navy]] frigate {{ship|NRP|Afonso de Albuquerque}} and destroyer ''[[Portuguese destroyer Dão|Dão]]'' [[1936 Naval Revolt (Portugal)|mutinied]] against the [[António de Oliveira Salazar|Salazar dictatorship]]'s support of [[General Franco]]'s coup and declared their solidarity with the [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republic]]. *[[1939]] – [[World War II]]: The [[Battle of Hel]] begins, the longest-defended pocket of Polish Army resistance during the German [[invasion of Poland]]. * 1939 – Burmese national hero [[U Ottama]] dies in prison after a [[hunger strike]] to protest Britain's [[British rule in Burma|colonial government]]. *[[1940]] – [[George Stibitz]] pioneers the first remote operation of a computer. * 1940 – [[Treznea massacre|Treznea Massacre]] in [[Transylvania]]. *[[1942]] – World War II: A [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]ese floatplane [[Lookout Air Raids|drops incendiary bombs]] on [[Oregon]]. *[[1943]] – World War II: The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] land at [[Operation Avalanche|Salerno]] and [[Operation Slapstick|Taranto]], Italy. *[[1944]] – World War II: The [[Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)|Fatherland Front]] takes power in [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] [[Bulgarian coup d'état of 1944|through a military coup]] in the capital and armed rebellion in the country. A new pro-[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] government is established. *[[1945]] – [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]: The [[Empire of Japan]] formally surrenders to [[Republic of China (1912–49)|China]]. *[[1947]] – First case of a [[computer bug]] being found: A [[moth]] lodges in a [[relay]] of a [[Harvard Mark II]] computer at [[Harvard University]]. *[[1948]] – [[Kim Il Sung]] declares the [[Day of the Foundation of the Republic (North Korea)|establishment]] of the [[North Korea|Democratic People's Republic of Korea]] (North Korea). *[[1954]] – The 6.7 {{M|w}} [[1954 Chlef earthquake|Chlef earthquake]] shakes northern [[Algeria]] with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of XI (''Extreme''). At least 1,243 people were killed and 5,000 were injured. *[[1956]] – [[Elvis Presley]] appears on ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' for the first time. *[[1965]] – The [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development]] is established. * 1965 – [[Hurricane Betsy]] makes its second landfall near [[New Orleans]], leaving 76 dead and $1.42 billion ($10–12 billion in 2005 dollars) in damages, becoming the first hurricane to cause over $1 billion in unadjusted damage. *[[1966]] – The [[National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act]] is signed into law by U.S. President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]. *[[1969]] – In Canada, the [[Official Languages Act (Canada)|Official Languages Act]] comes into force, making French equal to English throughout the Federal government. * 1969 – [[Allegheny Airlines Flight 853|Allegheny Airlines Flight 863]] [[Mid-air collision|collides in mid-air]] with a [[Piper PA-28 Cherokee]] over [[Moral Township, Shelby County, Indiana]], killing all 83 people on board both aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-9-31 N988VJ Fairland, IN |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19690909-1 |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref> *[[1970]] – A British airliner is hijacked by the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] and flown to [[Dawson's Field]] in [[Jordan]]. *[[1971]] – The four-day [[Attica Prison riot]] begins, eventually resulting in 39 dead, most killed by [[New York State Police|state troopers]] retaking the [[Attica Correctional Facility|prison]]. *[[1972]] – In [[Kentucky]]'s [[Mammoth Cave National Park]], a Cave Research Foundation exploration and mapping team discovers a link between the Mammoth and Flint Ridge cave systems, making it the longest known cave passageway in the world. *[[1976]] – Two Aeroflot flights [[1976 Anapa mid-air collision|collide in mid-air]] over [[Anapa]], Soviet Union, killing 70.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Столкновение над Черным морем Як-40 и Ан-24РВ |trans-title=Collision over the Black Sea Yak-40 and An-24RV |url=http://www.airdisaster.ru/database.php?id=64 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122072059/http://airdisaster.ru/database.php?id=64 |archive-date=2013-01-22 |access-date=2017-12-15 |website=airdisaster.ru |language=ru}}</ref> *[[1988]] – [[Vietnam Airlines Flight 831]] crashes in [[Khu Khot]], Thailand, while on approach to [[Don Mueang International Airport|Don Muang International Airport]], killing 76.<ref name="ASN">{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev Tu-134A VN-A102 Bangkok-Don Muang International Airport (BKK) |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19880909-2 |access-date=2019-01-06 |website=aviation-safety.net}}</ref> *[[1990]] – [[1990 Batticaloa massacre|Batticaloa massacre]]: Massacre of 184 [[Tamils|Tamil civilians]] by the Sri Lankan Army in [[Batticaloa District]]. *[[1991]] – [[Tajikistan]] declares independence from the [[Soviet Union]]. *[[1993]] – [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process]]: The [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] officially recognizes [[Israel]] as a legitimate state. *[[1994]] – [[Space Shuttle program]]: [[Space Shuttle Discovery|Space Shuttle ''Discovery'']] is launched on [[STS-64]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Warnock|first=Lynda|title=STS-64|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-64.html|access-date=2021-08-15 |publisher=NASA}}</ref> *[[2001]] – [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]], leader of the [[Northern Alliance]], [[Assassination of Ahmad Shah Massoud|is assassinated]] in [[Afghanistan]] by two [[al-Qaeda]] assassins who claimed to be Arab journalists wanting an interview. *[[2006]] – Space Shuttle Program: [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'']] is launched on [[STS-115]] to resume [[Assembly of the International Space Station|assembling the International Space Station]]. It is the first ISS assembly mission after the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|''Columbia'' disaster]] back in 2003.<ref name="SR1">{{cite web |date=September 9, 2006 |title=STS-115 MCC Status Report #01 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/news/sts115/STS-115-01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013150452/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/news/sts115/STS-115-01.html |archive-date=October 13, 2006 |access-date=September 11, 2006 |publisher=NASA}}</ref> *[[2009]] – The [[Dubai Metro]], the first urban train network in the [[Arabian Peninsula]], is ceremonially inaugurated. *[[2012]] – The [[Indian Space Research Organisation|Indian space agency]] puts into orbit its [[SPOT (satellite)#SPOT 6 and SPOT 7|heaviest]] foreign satellite yet, in a streak of 21 consecutive successful [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]] launches. * 2012 – A [[9 September 2012 Iraq attacks|wave of attacks]] kills more than 100 people and injure 350 others across [[Iraq]]. * [[2014]] – The album [[Songs of Innocence (U2 album)|Songs of Innocence]] by [[U2]] is digitally released at no charge to all customers of the [[ITunes Store|iTunes Music Store]], appearing automatically in the "purchased" section of over 500 million users worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ingraham |first=Nathan |date=2014-09-09 |title=U2 releases its new album for free today exclusively on iTunes |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/9/6126711/u2-releases-its-new-album-for-free-today-exclusively-on-itunes |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> *[[2015]] – [[Elizabeth II]] becomes the [[List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign|longest reigning monarch of the United Kingdom]]. *[[2016]] – The government of [[North Korea]] conducts its fifth and reportedly biggest [[September 2016 North Korean nuclear test|nuclear test]]. World leaders condemn the act, with [[South Korea]] calling it "maniacal recklessness".
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