Editing September Six (section)

== Six Individuals ==<!--in chronological order of sanctions-->

=== Lynne Kanavel Whitesides ===
Lynne Kanavel Whitesides is a [[Mormon feminism|Mormon feminist]] and is noted for speaking on the [[Heavenly Mother (Latter Day Saints)|Mother in Heaven]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/19/us/mormons-penalize-dissident-members.html|title=Mormons Penalize Dissident Members|date=1993-09-19|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-04-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Whitesides was the first of the group to experience church discipline and was disfellowshipped September 14, 1993. Though technically still a member, Whitesides claims that she "exploded" out of the church and her marriage in 1993, and she now considers herself a practitioner of Native American philosophies.<ref>{{YouTube|oKjASwbutsE|Whitesides, Lynne. "Spiritual Paths After September 1993." Sunstone Symposium, 2003}}.</ref>

=== Avraham Gileadi ===
[[Avraham Gileadi]] is a Hebrew scholar and literary analyst, who is considered theologically conservative. Following his 1981 Ph.D. in ancient studies from [[Brigham Young University]], he published a new interpretive translation of the [[Book of Isaiah]] in 1988 and a study of its eschatological prophecies in 1991. Mormon scholars, including [[Hugh Nibley]], [[Truman G. Madsen]] and [[Ellis Rasmussen]], praised his work, but his argument that the Isaiah prophecies pointed to a human "Davidic king" who would emerge in the [[Eschatology|Last Days]], apart from Jesus Christ, was controversial, and his second book was pulled from the shelves by its publisher, church-owned [[Deseret Book]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/review/?vol=4&num=1&id=86 |title=Review of "The Book of Isaiah: A New Translation with Interpretive Keys from the Book of Mormon" |access-date=2014-06-18 |last=Porter |first=Bruce |date=1992 |work=[[Review of Books on the Book of Mormon]] |publisher= [[Maxwell Institute]] }}</ref> The reasons for his excommunication on September 15 are unclear. According to Margaret Toscano (whose husband was among the September Six and who would also later be excommunicated), Gileadi's "books interpreting Mormon scripture challenged the exclusive right of leaders to define doctrine,"<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.thelizlibrary.org/undelete/library/library012.html |title=What other judgment can I judge by but my own? |work=The Liz Library |first=Margaret Merrill |last=Toscano |date=nd}}</ref> but Gileadi himself disputes that characterization.<ref name="Testimony"/> In 1996, Gileadi was rebaptized into the church after a second [[membership council]], conducted by his [[stake president]]. As with all LDS Church rebaptisms, the original disciplinary action was expunged from the church's records, and is now treated as if it never happened.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news-ca.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/church-discipline |title=Church Discipline |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Church Newsroom}}</ref><ref name="Testimony">{{citation |url= http://avrahamgileaditestimony.blogspot.com |title= Avraham Gileadi Testimony |access-date= 2012-06-12 |date= 14 June 2012 |work= Judeo-Mormon Perspectives |publisher= [[Blogger (service)|Blogger]] }}</ref> Gileadi is currently an active member of the church.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://signaturebookslibrary.org/?p=840 |title=Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism |access-date=2012-08-19 |last=Hanks |first=Maxine |website=Signature Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mail-archive.com/zion@topica.com/msg04375.html |title=The September Six Today |access-date=2009-02-14 |last=Redelfs |first=John W. |date=2003-08-09 |website=The Mail Archive}}</ref>

=== Paul Toscano ===
Paul Toscano is a Salt Lake City attorney who co-authored, with Margaret Merrill Toscano, a controversial book, ''Strangers in Paradox: Explorations in Mormon Theology'' (1990), and in 1992, he co-founded [[Mormon Alliance|The Mormon Alliance]]. He later wrote the book'' The Sanctity of Dissent'' (1994) and its sequel, ''The Sacrament of Doubt'' (2007).

He was excommunicated from the LDS Church on September 19, 1993. The reasons for his excommunication, as reportedly given by church leaders, were apostasy and false teaching. According to Toscano, the actual reason was insubordination in refusing to curb his sharp criticism of Church leaders' preference for legalism, ecclesiastical tyranny, white-washed Mormon history, and hierarchical authoritarianism, which privilege the image of the corporate church above its commitment to its members, to the teachings and the revelations of founder [[Joseph Smith]], and to the gospel of Jesus Christ.<ref>{{cite book |last=Toscano |first= Paul |chapter="The Sanctity of Dissent" |title= Dissent and the Failure of Leadership |editor1=Stephen Banks |editor2=Joanne B. Ciulla|editor2-link=Joanne B. Ciulla| series=New Horizons in Leadership Studies |publisher=Edward Elgar |location=Northampton, MA |year=2008 |pages=169–181 |isbn=978-1-84720-575-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Bf272AsIDwC&q=Dissent+and+the+Failure+of+Leadership}}</ref>

In 2007, Toscano wrote that he lost his faith "like losing your eyesight after an accident." He regrets that church leaders have disregarded his criticisms of what he considers the church's growing anti-intellectualism, homophobia, misogyny, and elitism.<ref>{{cite book|last=Toscano|first=Paul|title=The Sacrament of Doubt|publisher=Signature Books|year=2007|isbn=978-1-56085-146-2|pages=147–156}}</ref>

Toscano's wife, Margaret, faced her own disciplinary council for her doctrinal and feminist views and was excommunicated on November 30, 2000. Some view her excommunication as constituting a "seventh" member of the September Six, as she was summoned in 1993, but ecclesiastical focus shifted to her husband. Margaret's discipline was delayed until 2000.<ref>[https://www.sunstonemagazine.com/audio/SL01272.mp3 ''Tidying Up Loose Ends?: The November 2000 Excommunication of Margaret Toscano''], 2001 Salt Lake Sunstone Symposium, Sunstone Magazine.</ref> Margaret later wrote "The Missing Rib: The Forgotten Place of Queens and Priestesses in the Establishment of Zion" as well as the tenth chapter of ''Transforming the Faiths of our Fathers: Women who Changed American Religion'' (2004), edited by Ann Braude.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://catalog.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/5528550/TOC |title=Table of Contents: Transforming the faiths of our fathers |publisher=Catalog.lib.uchicago.edu |date= 2004-06-19|access-date=2015-04-14|isbn=9781403964601 }}</ref>

=== Maxine Hanks ===
Maxine Hanks is a Mormon feminist theologian, who compiled and edited the anthology ''Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism'' (1992). She was excommunicated on September 19, along with fellow contributor [[D. Michael Quinn]]. In February 2012, Hanks was [[rebaptism|rebaptized]] as a member of the church.<ref>[http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/lifestyle/54514350-80/hanks-mormon-lds-church.html.csp ''Excommunicated Mormon to tell how she came back to the faith'']</ref>

=== Lavina Fielding Anderson ===
[[Lavina Fielding Anderson]] was a Mormon feminist writer who edited the books ''Sisters in Spirit: Mormon Women in Historical and Cultural Perspective'' (1992) and ''[[Lucy's Book]]'', an edition of the [[Lucy Mack Smith]] narrative. She was a former editor for the ''[[Ensign (LDS magazine)|Ensign]]'' and served as editor for the ''[[Journal of Mormon History]]'' from 1991 to May 2009. She was excommunicated September 23 for apostasy, allegedly because of her article "The LDS Intellectual Community and Church Leadership: A Contemporary Chronology" in ''Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fielding Anderson|first=Lavina|date=Spring 1993|title=The LDS Intellectual Community and Church Leadership: A Contemporary Chronology|url=https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V26N01_23.pdf|journal=Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought|volume=26|issue=1 |pages=7–66|doi=10.2307/45228619 |jstor=45228619 |s2cid=259898595 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2019/09/05/writer-excommunicated/|title=Writer excommunicated during 'September Six' purge loses her bid to rejoin the LDS Church|website=The Salt Lake Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> She also wrote chapter 9, "The Grammar of Inequity" in the book ''Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism'' (1992).

Anderson continued to attend LDS Church services as a non-member. She wrote on Mormon issues, including editing the multi-volume ''Case Reports of the Mormon Alliance'', an ongoing collection of interviews with Mormons who believe they were unfairly disciplined by the church.<ref>{{citation |title= Case Reports of the Mormon Alliance |url= http://mormonalliance.org/casereports/casereports.htm |publisher= [[Mormon Alliance]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021004007/http://mormonalliance.org/casereports/casereports.htm |archive-date= 2009-10-21}}</ref> After her husband's death in 2018, Anderson's bishop approached her about reinstatement, the first ecclesiastical leader in the twenty-four years since she was excommunicated to do so.<ref name=":1" /> In 2019, her local stake leaders reconvened her disciplinary council, in which she affirmed her faith but also expressed multiple views contrary to church teachings. The council recommended her rebaptism to the First Presidency; this was rejected without explanation, and without reiterating her conditions for reinstatement. <ref name=":1" /> Anderson continued to attend weekly church services and published in 2020 a collection of essays regarding inclusiveness and gender inequality in her book ''Mercy Without End: Toward a More Inclusive Church''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Anderson, Lavina Fielding, 1944-|title=Mercy without end : toward a more inclusive church|year=2020|isbn=978-1-56085-382-4|edition=First|location=Salt Lake City|oclc=1141039722}}</ref> She died on October 29, 2023.

=== D. Michael Quinn ===
[[D. Michael Quinn]] was a Mormon historian. Among other studies, he documented LDS Church-sanctioned [[plural marriage|polygamy]] from 1890 until 1904, after the [[1890 Manifesto]] that officially abandoned the practice.<ref>"LDS Church Authority and New Plural Marriages, 1890-1904," ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'' [http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/dialogue&CISOPTR=15581&REC=7 18 (Spring 1985) 9-105]</ref> He wrote chapter 17, "Mormon Women Have Had the Priesthood Since 1843" in the book ''Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism'' (1992). He was excommunicated September 26.

Quinn was summoned to a [[disciplinary council]] to answer charges of "conduct unbecoming a member of the Church and apostasy," including {{" '}}very sensitive and highly confidential' matters that were not related to Michael's historical writings."<ref name = dnamormons/> Anderson has suggested that the "allusion to Michael's sexual orientation, which Michael had not yet made public, was unmistakable."<ref name = dnamormons/>

Quinn afterwards published several critical studies of Mormon hierarchy, including his three-volume work of ''The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power'', ''The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power'', and ''The Mormon Hierarchy: Wealth and Corporate Power.'' He also authored the 1996 book ''Same-Sex Dynamics Among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example'', which argues that homosexuality was common among early Mormons and was not seen as a serious sin or transgression. He also authored the 1987 book, ''Early Mormonism and the Magic World View'', which argues that early Mormon leaders were greatly influenced by folk magic and superstitious beliefs including [[scrying|stone looking]], [[talisman|charms]], and [[divining rods]].

Despite his excommunication and critical writings, Quinn, who was after his excommunication [[openly gay]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/mormons/interviews/quinn.html |title=Interview of D. Michael Quinn |date=30 April 2007 |access-date=11 October 2011 |publisher=[[PBS]] }}</ref> still considered himself to be a Latter-day Saint,<ref name = dnamormons>Lavina Fielding Anderson. "DNA Mormon: D. Michael Quinn," in ''Mormon Mavericks: Essays on Dissenters'', edited by John Sillitoe and Susan Staker, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2002, pp. 329-363,</ref> a stance he maintained until his death in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2021/04/22/historian-d-micheal-quinn/|title=Historian D. Michael Quinn, who was booted from the LDS Church as part of the 'September Six' but remained a believer, dies at 77}}</ref>