Editing Shawm (section)

==Etymology==
[[File:Domenico Corrado alla pipita.ogv|thumb|Pipita and Zampogna in Calabria (Italy)]]
In [[English language|English]] the name first appears in the 14th century. There were originally three main variant forms, (1) {{lang|enm|schallemele}} ({{lang|enm|shamulle}} or {{lang|enm|shamble}}), (2) {{lang|enm|s(c)halmys}} ({{lang|enm|shalemeyes}} or {{lang|enm|chalemyes}}, all plural forms in [[Middle English]]), and (3) {{lang|enm|sc(h)almuse}} (or {{lang|enm|schalmesse}}), each derived from a corresponding variant in [[Old French]]: {{lang|fro|chalemel}}, {{lang|fro|chalemie}}, and {{lang|fro|chalemeaux}} (the plural of {{lang|fro|chalemel}}), each in turn derived from the Latin {{lang|la|calamus}} ('reed'), or its [[Vulgar Latin]] diminutive form, {{lang|la|calamellus}}. Calamus, in turn, derives from Ancient Greek [[wikt:κάλαμος|κάλαμος]] (kálamos), "reed, cane".

(The name of a somewhat different reed instrument, the [[chalumeau]], also shares this etymology.) The early plural forms were often mistaken for a singular, and new plurals were formed from them. The later reduction in the 15th and 16th centuries to a single syllable in forms such as ''schalme'', ''shaume'', ''shawme'', and finally (in the 16th century) ''shawm'', was probably due to this confusion of plural and singular forms.<ref>{{OED|Shawm}}.</ref>

[[File:Barocke-Schalmei.png|thumb|Shawms (from ''[[Syntagma Musicum]]'' by Michael Praetorius)]]
In [[German language|German]] the shawm is called {{lang|de|Schalmei}} (or for the larger members of the family {{lang|de|Bombard}}—also in English in the 14th century—later corrupted to {{lang|de|Bombhardt}} and finally in the 17th century to ''[[Pommer]]'')<ref>Sibyl Marcuse, ''Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary'', corrected edition (The Norton Library N758) (New York: W. W. Norton, 1975): 58</ref> This is borne out by the very similar names of many folk shawms used as traditional instruments in various [[Europe]]an nations: in Spain, many traditional shawms with different names can be found, such as the Castilian, Aragonese, and Leonese ''[[dulzaina]]'' (sometimes called ''[[chirimía]]'', a term that derives from the same Old French word as ''shawm''); the Valencian and [[Catalan shawm]]s ({{lang|ca|xirimia}}, {{lang|ca|dolçaina}}, or ''[[gralla (instrument)|gralla]]'') or the Navarrese ''[[Gaita navarra|gaita]]''. In [[Portugal]] there is an instrument called {{lang|pt|charamela}}; and the name of the [[Italy|Italian]] shawm is {{lang|it|ciaramella}} (or: {{lang|it|cialamello}}, {{lang|it|cennamella}}).<ref>''Dizionario enciclopedico universale della musica e dei musicisti'', edited by Alberto Basso, (12+2 volumes), Il lessico—vol. I, Torino, UTET, 1983, p. 550.</ref>

However, it is also possible that the name comes from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] {{Transliteration|ar|salamiya}} ({{script|Arabic|سلامية}}), a traditional oboe from [[Egypt]], as the European shawm seems to have been developed from similar instruments brought to Europe from the Near East during the time of the [[Crusades]]. This Arabic name is itself linguistically related to many other Eastern names for the instrument: the Arabic {{Transliteration|ar|zamr}} ([[wikt:زمر|زمر]]), the Turkish ''[[Zurna|zūrnā]]'', the Persian ''[[Sorna|surnāy]]'', the Chinese ''[[suona]]'', the Javanese {{lang|jv|saruni}}, and the Hindu {{Transliteration|hi|sahanai}} or ''[[sanayi]]''.<ref name="auto1"/>