Editing Shinjuku Station (section)

== History ==
[[File:Shinjuku Station 1925.jpg|thumbnail|Shinjuku Station in 1925]]
Shinjuku Station opened in 1885 as a stop on Japan Railway's Akabane-Shinagawa line (now part of the [[Yamanote Line]]). The kanji "新宿" ''shin juku'' literally stand for "''new (relay-)station''". Shinjuku was still a quiet community at the time and the station was not heavily trafficked at first. The opening of the Chūō Line (1889), Keiō Line (1915) and Odakyū Line (1923) led to increased traffic through the station.

Japanese government urban planner Kensaburo Kondo designed a major revamp of the station in 1933, which included a large public square on the west side completed in 1941. Kondo's plan also called for extending the [[Tōkyū Tōyoko Line|Tokyu Toyoko Line]] to a new underground terminal on the west side of the station and constructing an east–west underground line that would be served by the [[Seibu Railway]] and the Tokyo Kosoku Railway (forerunner of [[Tokyo Metro]]), while the Keio and Odakyu lines would use above-ground terminals to the west of the JR station. These plans were suspended upon the onset of [[World War II]] but influenced the current layout of the station area.<ref name="nikkei">{{cite news |title=西武新宿駅はなぜ遠いのか 幻の東口乗り入れ計画 |url=http://style.nikkei.com/article/DGXNASFK2103N_S2A121C1000000 |access-date=May 6, 2016 |work=The Nikkei |date=November 23, 2012 |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131063545/https://style.nikkei.com/article/DGXNASFK2103N_S2A121C1000000 |url-status=live }}</ref> Subway service ultimately began in 1959.

[[File:JR Shinjuku Station.JPG|thumbnail|Lumine Est building, originally designed to accommodate the [[Seibu Shinjuku Line]] on its second floor]]
The [[Seibu Shinjuku Line]] was extended from [[Takadanobaba Station]] to [[Seibu-Shinjuku Station|Seibu Shinjuku Station]] in 1952. Seibu Shinjuku was built as a temporary station pending a planned redevelopment of the east side of Shinjuku Station, which was to feature a large station building that would house a new Seibu terminal on its second floor. Seibu abandoned its plan to use the building due to a lack of space for trains longer than six cars; the building is now known as Lumine Est and retains some design features originally intended to accommodate the Seibu terminal (in particular, a very high ceiling on the first floor and a very low ceiling on the second floor). In the late 1980s, Seibu planned to build an underground terminal on the east side of Shinjuku but indefinitely postponed the plan in 1995 due to costs and declining passenger growth.<ref name="nikkei" />

On 8 August 1967, a freight train carrying [[jet fuel]] bound for the U.S. air bases at [[Tachikawa Airfield|Tachikawa]] and [[Yokota Air Base|Yokota]] collided with another freight train and caught fire on the Chūō Rapid tracks. The incident stoked ongoing political controversy in Japan regarding the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>{{cite book |author1-link=Thomas Havens |last1=Havens |first1=Thomas R. H. |title=Fire Across the Sea: The Vietnam War and Japan 1965-1975 |date=2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400858439 |pages=126–127}}</ref> The station was a major site for [[1968–1969 Japanese university protests|student protests in 1968 and 1969]], the height of civil unrest in postwar Japan. On 21 October 1968, 290,000 marchers participated in International Anti-War Day, [[Shinjuku riot|taking over Shinjuku station]] and forcing trains to stop. In May and June 1969, members of the antiwar group Beheiren carrying guitars and calling themselves "folk guerrillas" led [[Folk guerrilla concerts|weekly singalongs in the underground plaza]] outside the west exit of the station, attracting crowds of thousands. Participants described it as a "liberated zone" and a "community of encounter."<ref>Konaka Yotaro, "Shinjuku: Community of Encounter," Japan　Quarterly, 38 no.3 (1991), 301–310.</ref> In July, riot police cleared the plaza with tear gas and changed signs in the station to read "West Exit Concourse" instead of "West Exit Plaza." The incident represented a significant defeat for public activism in Tokyo.

There have been plans at various points in history to connect Shinjuku to the [[Shinkansen]] network, and the 1973 Shinkansen Basic Plan, still in force, specifies that the station should be the southern terminus of the [[Jōetsu Shinkansen]] line to [[Niigata (city)|Niigata]]. While construction of the [[Ōmiya Station (Saitama)|Ōmiya]]-Shinjuku link never started and the Jōetsu line presently terminates in [[Tokyo Station]], the right of way, including an area underneath the station, remains reserved.

On 5 May 1995, the [[Aleph (Japanese cult)|Aum Shinrikyo]] [[doomsday cult]] attempted a chemical terrorist attack by setting off a cyanide gas device in a toilet in the underground concourse, barely a month after the [[Tokyo subway sarin attack|gas attack on the Tokyo subway]] which killed 13, left 6,252 people with non-fatal injuries, severely injured 50 people, and caused 984 cases of temporary vision problems. This time the attack was thwarted by staff who extinguished the burning device.

The station facilities on the Marunouchi Line were inherited by [[Tokyo Metro]] after the privatization of the Teito Rapid Transit Authority (TRTA) in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-07-08 |title=「営団地下鉄」から「東京メトロ」へ |trans-title=From "Teito Rapid Transit Authority" to "Tokyo Metro" |url=https://www.tokyometro.jp/news/s2004/2004-06.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516041232/http://www.tokyometro.jp/news/s2004/2004-06.html |archive-date=16 May 2012 |access-date=29 May 2022 |website=Tokyo Metro Online |language=ja}}</ref>

[[Station numbering]] was introduced to the Odakyu terminal in 2014 with Shinjuku being assigned station number OH01.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2013 |title=2014年1月から駅ナンバリングを順次導入します！ |trans-title=From January 2014, station numbering will be introduced sequentially! |url=http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/8052_1284200_.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026092741/http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/8052_1284200_.pdf |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=odakyu.jp |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kusamichi |first=Yoshikazu |date=28 December 2013 |title=小田急グループ、鉄道から海賊船まで通しの駅番号…2014年1月から順次導入 |trans-title=Odakyu Group, station numbers from railways to pirate ships, Introduced sequentially from January 2014 |url=https://response.jp/article/2013/12/28/213984.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622180450/https://response.jp/article/2013/12/28/213984.html |archive-date=22 June 2020 |access-date=10 January 2023 |website=Response Automotive Media |language=ja}}</ref>

A major expansion of the JR terminal was completed in April 2016, adding a 32-story office tower, bus terminal, taxi terminal, and numerous shops and restaurants.<ref>{{cite web |title=新宿駅が生まれ変わります |url=https://www.jreast.co.jp/press/2015/20150901.pdf |publisher=East Japan Railway Company |access-date=May 6, 2016 |archive-date=October 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001040725/http://www.jreast.co.jp/press/2015/20150901.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Station numbering was introduced to the JR East platforms in 2016 with Shinjuku being assigned station numbers JB10 for the Chūō-Sobu line, JS20 for the Shonan-Shinjuku line, JA11 for the Saikyō line, JC05 for the Chuo line rapid, and JY17 for the Yamanote line. At the same time, JR East assigned the station a 3-letter code to its major transfer stations; Shinjuku was assigned the code "SJK".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2016 |title=⾸都圏エリアへ 「駅ナンバリング」を導⼊します |trans-title=Introduce “station numbering” to the Tokyo metropolitan area |url=https://www.jreast.co.jp/press/2016/20160402.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207004741/https://www.jreast.co.jp/press/2016/20160402.pdf |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=7 January 2023 |website=jreast.co.jp |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kusamachi |first=Yoshikazu |date=7 April 2016 |title=JA・JK・JT・AKB…JR東日本、首都圏で駅ナンバリングなど導入へ |trans-title=JA, JK, JT, AKB … JR East to introduce station numbering in the Tokyo metropolitan area |url=https://response.jp/article/2016/04/07/273025.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806133507/https://response.jp/article/2016/04/07/273025.html |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=7 January 2023 |website=Response Automotive Media |language=ja}}</ref>

In 2020, the east–west free passageway was opened, shortening the time required for pedestrians to pass between the east and west exits by 10 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |title=East-West Passageway Opens at JR Shinjuku Station |date=July 19, 2020 |url=https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2020071900073/ |publisher=Nippon.com |access-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-date=July 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719231906/https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2020071900073/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A major redevelopment of the station and the surrounding area began in July 2021 with the aim of improving pedestrian flow and making it easier and faster to cut through the east and west sides of the station. Construction is expected to continue until 2047.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shinjuku Station is getting a ¥72.8 billion makeover to make it easier to navigate |url=https://www.timeout.com/tokyo/news/shinjuku-station-is-getting-a-72-8-billion-makeover-to-make-it-easier-to-navigate-071221 |date=March 15, 2022 |first=Emma |last=Steen |publisher=Time Out Tokyo |access-date=June 1, 2022 |archive-date=June 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601013657/https://www.timeout.com/tokyo/news/shinjuku-station-is-getting-a-72-8-billion-makeover-to-make-it-easier-to-navigate-071221 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Keiō Shinjuku Station===
[[File:Keio Shinjuku-Oiwake Building.jpg|thumb|Keio Shinjuku Oiwake Building, the site of the former terminal]]
When the Keio Line extended to Shinjuku in 1915, its terminal was located several blocks east of the [[Ministry of Railways (Japan)|government railway]] (presently JR) station. The terminal was first named {{nihongo|Shinjuku-Oiwake Station|新宿追分駅}} and was on the street near the [[Isetan]] department store. In 1927, the station was moved from the street to a newly built terminal adjacent to the original station. The station building housed a department store. The station name was changed to {{nihongo|Yotsuya-Shinjuku Station|四谷新宿駅}} in 1930 and again to {{nihongo|Keiō Shinjuku Station|京王新宿駅}} in 1937.

The tracks from the terminal were on the [[Kōshū Kaidō]] highway, which crosses the Yamanote Line and the Chūō Line in front of the south entrance of Shinjuku Station by a bridge. The Keiō Line had a station for access to Shinjuku Station, named {{nihongo|Teishajō-mae Station|停車場前駅}} and renamed in 1937 {{nihongo|Shōsen Shinjuku Ekimae Station|省線新宿駅前駅}}.

In July 1945, the terminal of the Keiō Line was relocated to the present location, though on the ground level, on the west side of Shinjuku Station. Keiō Shinjuku Station and Shōsen Shinjuku Ekimae Station were closed. This was because the trains faced difficulty in climbing up the slopes of the bridge over the governmental railway after one of the nearby transformer substations was destroyed by an [[Bombing of Tokyo in World War II|air raid]]. The site of Keiō Shinjuku Station near [[Shinjuku-sanchōme Station|Shinjuku-Sanchōme subway station]] is now occupied by two buildings owned by Keiō: Keiō Shinjuku Sanchōme Building and Keiō Shinjuku Oiwake Building.