Editing Shirley Chisholm (section)

==Early life and education==
Shirley Anita St. Hill was born to immigrant parents on November 30, 1924, in [[Brooklyn]], New York City. She was of [[Afro-Guyanese]] and [[Afro-Barbadians|Afro-Barbadian]] descent.<ref name="birth">Brooks-Bertram and Nevergold, ''Uncrowned Queens'', p. 146. <!-- https://books.google.com/books?id=a0r4DItlmlcC&pg=PA146&lpg=PA146 --></ref> She had three younger sisters,<ref name="fls-72"/> two born within three years of her and one later.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|pp=7–8}} Her father, Charles Christopher St. Hill, was born in [[British Guiana]]<ref name="NYPassengerList-1923-04-10">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ancestry.com |title=New York Passenger Lists, 1850 -1957 [database on-line] |publisher=The Generations Network |location=[[United States]] |date=April 10, 1923 |access-date=July 20, 2008 |archive-date=October 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007205532/http://www.ancestry.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> before moving to [[Barbados]].{{sfn|Winslow|2014|pp=7–8}} He arrived in New York City via [[Antilla, Cuba]], in 1923.<ref name="NYPassengerList-1923-04-10"/> Her mother, Ruby Seale, was born in [[Christ Church, Barbados]] and arrived in New York City in 1921.<ref name="NYPassengerList-1921-03-08">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ancestry.com |title=New York Passenger Lists, 1820–1957 [database on-line] |publisher=The Generations Network |location=[[United States]] |date=March 8, 1921 |access-date=July 7, 2008 |archive-date=October 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007205532/http://www.ancestry.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Charles St. Hill was a laborer who worked in a factory that made burlap bags and as a baker's helper. Ruby St. Hill was a skilled seamstress and domestic worker who experienced the difficulty of working outside the home while simultaneously raising her children.<ref name="nyt-obit"/>{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=9}} As a consequence, in November 1929, when Shirley turned five, she and her two sisters were sent to Barbados on the [[MS Vulcania|MS ''Vulcania'']] to live with their maternal grandmother, Emaline Seale.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=9}} Shirley later said, "Granny gave me strength, dignity, and love. I learned from an early age that I was somebody. I didn't need the black revolution to teach me that."<ref name="nyt-lesher">{{Cite news|last=Lesher|first=Stephan|date=June 25, 1972|title=The Short, Unhappy Life of Black Presidential Politics, 1972|page=12|magazine=[[The New York Times Magazine]]|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/06/25/170544142.pdf|access-date=June 15, 2018|archive-date=December 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207044404/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1972/06/25/170544142.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Shirley and her sisters lived on their grandmother's farm in the Vauxhall village in Christ Church, where Shirley attended a one-room schoolhouse.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|pp=10–12}} She returned to the United States in 1934, arriving in New York on May 19 aboard the [[SS Nerissa (1926)|SS ''Nerissa'']].<ref name="NYPassengerList-1934-05-19">{{Cite web
 |url=http://www.ancestry.com
 |title=New York Passenger Lists, 1820–1957 [database on-line]
 |publisher=The Generations Network
 |location=[[United States]]
 |date=May 19, 1934
|access-date=July 20, 2008
|archive-date=October 7, 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007205532/http://www.ancestry.com/
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref> As a result of her time in Barbados, Shirley spoke with a [[Caribbean English|West Indian accent]] throughout her life.<ref name="fls-72">{{Cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19720408&id=nqlWAAAAIBAJ&pg=4748,5584936 | title=Shirley Chisholm's running no matter what it costs her | first=Sheila | last=Moran | agency=Associated Press | newspaper=The Free Lance-Star | location=Fredericksburg, Virginia | date=April 8, 1972 | page=16A | access-date=August 21, 2020 | archive-date=October 18, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018110021/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19720408&id=nqlWAAAAIBAJ&pg=4748,5584936 | url-status=live }}</ref> <!-- see "fls-72" for rebellious when young, use here? --> In her 1970 autobiography, ''Unbought and Unbossed'', she wrote: "Years later I would know what an important gift my parents had given me by seeing to it that I had my early education in the strict, traditional, British-style schools of Barbados. If I speak and write easily now, that early education is the main reason."<ref>Chisholm, ''Unbought and Unbossed'', pp. 7–8.</ref> In addition, she belonged to the Quaker Brethren sect found in the West Indies, and religion became important to her; however, later in life, she attended services in a [[Methodism|Methodist]] church.<ref name="ac-spelman"/> As a result of her time on the island, and despite her U.S. birth, she always would consider herself a [[Barbadian Americans|Barbadian American]].{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=5}}

Beginning in 1939, she attended [[Girls' High School]] in the [[Bedford–Stuyvesant]] neighborhood of Brooklyn, a highly regarded, integrated school that attracted girls from throughout Brooklyn.<ref name=Chisolm>Shirley Chisholm, ''Unbought and Unbossed: Expanded 40th Anniversary Edition'', Take Root Media, 2010, p. 38.</ref> She did well academically at Girls' High and was chosen to be vice president of the [[Arista (honor society)|Junior Arista]] honor society.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=21}} She was accepted at and offered scholarships to [[Vassar College]] and [[Oberlin College]], but the family could not afford the room-and-board costs to go to either school; instead, she selected [[Brooklyn College]], where there was no charge for tuition and she could live at home and commute to the school.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=21}}

She earned her [[Bachelor of Arts]] from Brooklyn College in 1946, majoring in sociology and minoring in Spanish{{sfn|Winslow|2014|pp=22, 24}} (a language that she would employ at times during her political career).<ref name="bbc-2016"/> She won prizes for her debating skills<ref name="nyt-obit"/> and graduated ''cum laude''.<ref name="lat-retire"/> During her time at Brooklyn College, she was a member of [[Delta Sigma Theta]] sorority and the Harriet Tubman Society.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shirley Chisholm {{!}} C-SPAN.org|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?456730-2/shirley-chisholm|website=www.c-span.org|language=en-us|access-date=April 30, 2020|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308121347/https://www.c-span.org/video/?456730-2%2Fshirley-chisholm|url-status=live}}</ref> As a member of the Harriet Tubman Society, she advocated for inclusion (specifically in terms of the integration of black soldiers in the military during World War II), the addition of courses that focused on African-American history and the involvement of more women in the student government.<ref name="mosesm">{{Cite web|url=https://www.psc-cuny.org/clarion/june-2012/shirley-chisholm-cuny-and-us-history|title=Shirley Chisholm, CUNY and U.S. History|last=Winslow|first=Barbara|date=May 24, 2012|website=PSC CUNY|language=en|access-date=March 8, 2020|archive-date=April 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420011432/https://psc-cuny.org/clarion/june-2012/shirley-chisholm-cuny-and-us-history|url-status=live}}</ref> However, this was not her first introduction to activism or politics. Growing up, she was surrounded by politics, as her father was an avid supporter of [[Marcus Garvey]]'s and a dedicated supporter of the rights of trade union members.<ref name="mosesm"/> She saw her community advocate for its rights as she witnessed the Barbados workers' and anti-colonial independence movements.<ref name="mosesm"/>

She met Conrad O. Chisholm in the late 1940s.<ref name="usa-obit"/> He had migrated to the United States from [[Jamaica]] in 1946, and he later became a private investigator who specialized in negligence-based lawsuits.<ref name="ap-husband"/> They married in 1949 in a large West Indian-style wedding.<ref name="ap-husband">{{Cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1798&dat=19720229&id=8QofAAAAIBAJ&pg=5476,5301688 | title=Conrad Chisholm Content To Be Candidate's Husband | agency=Associated Press | newspaper=Sarasota Journal | date=February 29, 1972 | page=3B | access-date=August 21, 2020 | archive-date=October 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050356/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1798&dat=19720229&id=8QofAAAAIBAJ&pg=5476,5301688 | url-status=live }}</ref> She subsequently suffered two miscarriages, and, to their disappointment, the couple would have no children;{{sfn|Winslow|2014|pp=27–28, 34}} although, in the view of scholar Julie Gallagher, it is possible that her career goals played a role in this outcome as well.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|395}}

After graduating from college, Chisholm began working as a teacher's aide at the Mt. Calvary Child Care Center in Harlem.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=26}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Gallagher|first=Julie|date=2007|title=Waging 'The Good Fight': The Political Career of Shirley Chisholm, 1953–1982|journal=[[The Journal of African American History]]|publisher=[[University of Chicago]]|location=Chicago, Illinois|volume=92|issue=3|pages=392–416|doi=10.1086/JAAHv92n3p392|jstor=20064206|s2cid=140827104}}</ref>{{Rp|395}} She would work at the center in a teaching role from 1946 to 1953.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=26}}<ref name="nyt-obit" /> Meanwhile, she was furthering her education,<ref name="nyt-obit" /> attending classes at night and earning her [[Master of Arts]] in childhood education from [[Teachers College]] of [[Columbia University]] in 1951.{{sfn|Winslow|2014|p=26}}