Editing Sialkot (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Sialkot}}

===Ancient===
====Founding====
{{Main|Sagala}}
Sialkot was the likely capital of the [[Madra Kingdom]] [[Sagala]], Sakala ({{langx|sa|साकला}}), or Sangala ({{langx|grc|Σάγγαλα}}) mentioned in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', a Sanskrit epic of ancient India, as occupying a similar area as Greek accounts of Sagala.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Horace Hayman |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ |title=Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan |last2=Masson |first2=Charles |date=1841 |publisher=East India Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ/page/n228 197] |language=en |quote=sangala rebuilt.}}</ref><ref name="Kumar2000">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Rakesh |title=Ancient India and World |date=2000 |publisher=Classical Publishing Company |page=68 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Rapson1960">{{cite book |last1=Rapson |first1=Edward James |title=Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to the First Century A. D. |date=1960 |publisher=Susil Gupta |page=88 |language=English |quote=Sakala, the modern Sialkot in the Lahore Division of the Punjab, was the capital of the Madras who are known in the later Vedic period (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad).}}</ref><ref name="Skyhorse Publishing">{{cite book |last1=McEvilley |first1=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&q=sagala+sialkot&pg=PT568 |title=The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies |date=2012 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |isbn=9781581159332 |accessdate=2 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Getzel M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aabFPHxRPUC&q=sagala+location&pg=PA324 |title=The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India |date=2013-06-02 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520953567 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Hyun Jin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-w0DwAAQBAJ&q=sagala+sialkot+-kenya&pg=PA260 |title=Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Contact and Exchange between the Graeco-Roman World, Inner Asia and China |last2=Vervaet |first2=Frederik Juliaan |last3=Adali |first3=Selim Ferruh |date=2017-10-05 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107190412 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzdWAAAAYAAJ&q=sagala+sialkot+-kenya |title=Proceedings, Indian History Congress |date=2007 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dhillon">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXtVDgAAQBAJ&q=sialkot+garrison&pg=PT102|title=Janamsakhis: Ageless Stories, Timeless Values|last1=Dhillon|first1=Harish|date=2015|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=9789384544843|access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref> The city may have been inhabited by the ''[[Saka]]'', or [[Scythians]], from [[Central Asia]] who had migrated into the Subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Panjab University Arabic and Persian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_lWAAAAMAAJ&q=saka |title=Journal |date=1964 |language=en}}</ref> The region was noted in the ''Mahabharata'' for the  "loose and Bacchanalian" women who lived in the woods there.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Horace Hayman |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ |title=Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan |last2=Masson |first2=Charles |date=1841 |publisher=East India Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ/page/n227 196] |quote=sangala rebuilt.}}</ref> The city was said to have been located in the ''Sakaladvipa'' region between the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] and [[Ravi River|Ravi]] rivers, now known as the [[Rechna Doab|''Rechna'' Doab]].


[[Raja Sálbán]] is said to have lived here in the first century CE, and is said to have founded the city of Sialkot and the [[Sialkot Fort]].{{Efn|Alternatively spelt as 'Raja Sálwan'.|group=note}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=E.Y |first=Mbogoni, Lawrence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szgMAwAAQBAJ&dq=sialkot+fort+salban&pg=PA172 |title=Human Sacrifice and the Supernatural in African History |date=2013-11-03 |publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers |isbn=978-9987-08-242-1 |pages=172 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sekhon |first=Iqbal S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Punjabis/bU0wAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=The Punjabis: The People, Their History, Culture and Enterprise |publisher=Cosmo Publications |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7755-053-5 |location=New Delhi |page=336 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bedī |first=Sohindara Siṅgha Waṇajārā |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Folklore_of_the_Punjab/jV8tAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=Folklore of the Punjab |date= |publisher=National Book Trust, India |year=1971 |location=New Delhi |page=120 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Greek ====
The ''[[The Anabasis of Alexander|Anabasis of Alexander]]'', written by the Roman-Greek historian [[Arrian]], recorded that Alexander the Great captured [[Sagala|ancient Sialkot]], recorded as '''Sagala,''' from the ''Cathaeans,'' who had entrenched themselves there.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rlcIAAAAQAAJ&q=sangala|title=The Anabasis of Alexander, Or the History of the Wars and Conquests of Alexander the Great|last=Arrian|date=1884|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kngnd0GlUc4C&q=sangala+sialkot&pg=PA157|title=Alexander the Great: Lessons from History's Undefeated General|last=Yenne|first=Bill|date=13 April 2010|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=9780230106406}}</ref><ref name="dhillon" /> The city had been home to 80,000 residents on the eve of Alexander's invasion,<ref name=":2" /> but was razed as a warning against any other nearby cities that might resist his invasion.<ref name=":2" />

==== Indo-Greek ====
[[File:MenandrosCoin.jpg|thumb|[[Menander I]], founder of the Indo-Greek kingdom, with his capital in Sagala.]]
The ancient city was rebuilt, and made capital by the [[Indo-Greek]] king [[Menander I]] of the [[Euthydemid dynasty]], in the 2nd century BCE.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HeJS3nE9cAC&q=euthymedia+ptolemy&pg=PA89|title=The Greeks in Bactria and India|last=Tarn|first=William Woodthorpe|date=24 June 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108009416}}</ref> The rebuilt city was shifted slightly from the older city, as rebuilding on exactly the same spot was considered inauspicious.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3kWAAAAYAAJ&q=sangala+rebuilt&pg=PA197|title=Ariana Antiqua: A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan|last1=Wilson|first1=Horace Hayman|last2=Masson|first2=Charles|date=1841|publisher=East India Company}}</ref>

Under Menander's rule, the city greatly prospered as a major trading centre renowned for its silk.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McEvilley |first1=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&q=sagala+sialkot&pg=PT568 |title=The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies |date=2012 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |isbn=9781581159332 |access-date=2 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="dhillon" /> Menander embraced Buddhism in Sagala, after an extensive debating with the Buddhist monk [[Nagasena]], as recorded in the Buddhist text ''[[Milinda Panha]]''.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pesala (Bhikkhu.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CV77jyBU1WgC&pg=PR19 |title=The Debate of King Milinda: An Abridgement of the Milinda Pañha |date=1991 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0893-5 |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref> the text offers an early description of the city's cityscape and status as a prosperous trade centre with numerous green spaces.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g31EAQAAMAAJ&q=he+Questions+of+King+Milinda,+translated+by+T.+W.+Rhys+Davids,+1890|title=The Questions of King Milinda|last=Davids|first=Thomas William Rhys|date=1894|publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref> Following his conversion, Sialkot developed as a major centre for Buddhist thought.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbjelOMYyN8C&q=sagala+sialkot&pg=PT568|title=The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies|last=McEvilley|first=Thomas|date=7 February 2012|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.|isbn=9781581159332}}</ref>

Ancient Sialkot was recorded by [[Ptolemy]] in his 1st century CE work, [[Geography (Ptolemy)|''Geography,'']]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nB-2AAAAIAAJ&q=euthydemus+sialkot+ptolemy|title=Journal of Indian History|date=1960}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> in which he refers to the city as [[Euthydemia|Euthymedia]] (''Εύθυμέδεια'').<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aabFPHxRPUC&q=euthydemia+beyer&pg=PA324|title=The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India|last=Cohen|first=Getzel M.|date=2 June 2013|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520953567}}</ref>

==== Alchon Huns ====
Around 460 CE, the [[Alchon Huns]] invaded the region from Central Asia,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mi45DwAAQBAJ&q=taxila+huns+sialkot&pg=PA260|title=Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Contact and Exchange between the Graeco-Roman World, Inner Asia and China|last1=Kim|first1=Hyun Jin|last2=Vervaet|first2=Frederik Juliaan|last3=Adalı|first3=Selim Ferruh|date=30 September 2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108121316}}</ref> forcing the ruling family of nearby [[Taxila]] to seek refuge in Sialkot.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqWGlV6uRDkC&q=sialkot+huns&pg=PA47|title=History of the Punjabees|last=Nanda|first=J. N.|date=2010|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788180696510}}</ref> Sialkot itself was soon captured, and the city was made a significant centre of the Alchon Huns around 515,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYelDQAAQBAJ&q=sialkot+toramana&pg=PT177|title=A History of India|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|date=27 May 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317242123}}</ref> during the reign of [[Toramana]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHBEAQAAIAAJ&q=hindu+shahi+sagala|title=Gandhara, the Buddhist heritage of Pakistan: Legends, monasteries, and paradise|last1=Drachenfels|first1=Dorothee von|last2=Luczanits|first2=Christian|last3=Deutschland|first3=Kunst-und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik|date=2008|publisher=Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland; Mainz : Verlag Philipp von Zabern|isbn=9783805339575}}</ref> During the reign of his son, [[Mihirakula]], the empire reached its zenith.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcKtIPVQ6REC&q=mihirakula+sialkot&pg=PA142|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750|last=Dani|first=Ahmad Hasan|date=1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120815407}}</ref> The Alchon Huns were defeated in 528 by a coalition of princes led by [[Yashodharman|Prince Yashodharman]]<ref name=":4" />

==== Late antiquity ====
The city was visited by the Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]] in 633,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSYKO5zLgZkC&q=sialkot+xuanzang&pg=PT76|title=The Silk Road Journey With Xuanzang|last=Wriggins|first=Sally|date=6 August 2008|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780786725441}}</ref> who recorded the city's name the ''She-kie-lo.''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p2XCgAAQBAJ&q=sialkot+xuanzang&pg=PA113|title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa|last=Bakker|first=Hans|date=16 July 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004277144}}</ref> Xuanzang reported that the city had been rebuilt approximately 15 ''[[Li (unit)|li]],'' or 2.5 miles, away from the city ruined by Alexander the Great.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4AXM4MbyL0C&q=sangala+hill+alexander&pg=PA192|title=Four Reports Made During the Years 1862-63-64-65 by Alexander Cunningha M: 2|date=1871|publisher=Government central Press}}</ref> During this time, Sialkot served as the political nucleus of the North [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] region.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&q=Sialkot&pg=PT170|title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties|last=Chakrabarty|first=Dilip K.|date=18 October 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199088324}}</ref> The city was then invaded in 643 by princes from [[Jammu]], who held the city until the Muslim invasions during the medieval era.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JQbAQAAIAAJ&q=mughal+sialkot&pg=PA442|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India|last=Hunter|first=Sir William Wilson|date=1887|publisher=Trübner & Company|isbn=978-81-7019-117-9 }}</ref>

===Medieval===
Around the year 1000, Sialkot began to decline in importance as the nearby city of Lahore rose to prominence.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgbsAAAAMAAJ&q=%22hindu+Shahi%22+sialkot|title=Man & Development|date=2007|publisher=Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development}}</ref> Following to fall of [[Lahore]] to the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] in the early 11th century, the capital of the [[Hindu Shahi]] empire was shifted from Lahore to Sialkot.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bosworth|first1=C. Edmund|title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World|date=2007|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9047423836|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgawCQAAQBAJ&q=Lahore&pg=PA305|access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> Ghaznavid expansion in northern Punjab encouraged local [[Khokhar]] tribes to stop paying tribute to the Rajas of Jammu.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC&q=ghuri+fort+sialkot&pg=PA238|title=Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries|last=Wink|first=André|date=1997|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004102361}}</ref>

Sialkot became a part of the medieval [[Sultanate of Delhi]] after [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammad Ghauri]] conquered [[Punjab region|Punjab]] in 1185.<ref name=":5" /> Ghauri was unable to conquer the larger city of [[Lahore]], but deemed Sialkot important enough to warrant a garrison.<ref name=mehta>{{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=Jaswant Lal|title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India, Volume 1|date=1980|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=9788120706170|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&q=Khusrau+Malik+sialkot&pg=PA76|access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=dhillon/> He also extensively repaired the [[Sialkot Fort]] around the time of his conquest of Punjab,<ref name=":8" /> and left the region in charge of Hussain Churmali while he returned to [[Ghazni]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTyRYXtxMSEC&q=+sialkot&pg=PA100|title=The history of Hindustan. Vol. 1|last=Firishtah|first=Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī|date=2003|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120819948}}</ref> Sialkot was then quickly laid siege to by Khokhar tribesmen,<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzZFUcDpDzsC&q=medieval+sialkot&pg=PA90|title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval India|last=Khan|first=Iqtidar Alam|date=25 April 2008|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810855038}}</ref> and [[Khusrau Malik]],<ref name=mehta/> the last Ghaznavid sultan, though he was defeated during Ghauri's return to Punjab in 1186.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":15" />

In the 1200s, Sialkot was the only area of western Punjab that was ruled by the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk Sultanate]] in Delhi.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi3cAAAAMAAJ&q=sialkot+mongols|title=A military history of medieval India|last=Sandhu|first=Gurcharn Singh|date=January 2003|publisher=Vision Books|isbn=9788170945253}}</ref> The area had been captured by the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghauri]] prince [[Taj al-Din Yildiz|Yildiz]], but was recaptured by Sultan [[Iltutmish]] in 1217.<ref name=":16" /> Around 1223, [[Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu]], the last king of the [[Khwarazmian dynasty]] of Central Asia that had fled invasion of [[Genghis Khan]] there, briefly captured Sialkot and Lahore,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18EKAQAAIAAJ&q=sialkot|title=History of medieval India (1000–1740 A.D.)|last=Sharma|first=L. P.|date=1987|publisher=Konark Publishers|isbn=9788122000429}}</ref> before being driven out by Iltutmish's forces towards [[Uch Sharif]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgawCQAAQBAJ&q=Lahore&pg=PA305|title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World|last=Bosworth|first=C. Edmund|date=26 December 2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789047423836}}</ref> During the 13th century, [[Imam Ali-ul-Haq]], Sialkot's most revered [[Sufism|Sufi]] warrior-saint,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_wbAAAAMAAJ&q=Imam+Ali-ul-Haq+premier+saint|title=Hand Book of Important Places in West Pakistan|last=Hasan|first=Masudul|date=1965|publisher=Pakistan Social Service Foundation}}</ref> arrived from [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], and began his missionary work in the region that successfully converted large numbers of Hindus to Islam, thereby transforming Sialkot into a largely Muslim city.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSRuAAAAMAAJ&q=Imam+Ali+sialkot+convert|title=Pakistan Pictorial|date=1986|publisher=Pakistan Publications}}</ref> The saint later died in battle, and is revered as a martyr.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlQIAAAAQAAJ&q=sialkot+jehangir&pg=PA129|title=The Arāīs̲h-i-maḥfil: Or, The Ornament of the Assembly|last=Afsos|first=Sher ʻAlī Jaʻfarī|date=1882|publisher=J. W. Thomas, Baptist Mission Press}}</ref>

Sialkot became capital of Punjabi warlord and ruler [[Jasrat|Jasrat Khokhar]]'s kingdom in the early 15th century.<ref name=Lal/><ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4C9EDwAAQBAJ&q=sialkot&pg=PT76|title=Early Nineteenth-Century Panjab|last1=Grewal|first1=J. S.|last2=Banga|first2=Indu|date=22 December 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781317336945}}</ref> Jasrat Khokhar conquered most of Punjab from the Delhi sultanate in a series of campaigns between 1421 and 1442. He also conquered [[Jammu]] after defeating its ruler Bhim Dev in 1423.<ref name=Lal/> This was the golden period of Sialkot. Later, Sultan [[Bahlul Lodi]] captured the city after Jasrat Khokhar's death and granted custodianship of the city to Jammu's Raja Biram Dev, after he helped Bahlol in defeating the [[Khokhar|Khokhars]].<ref name=":13" /> Sialkot was sacked by [[Malik Tazi Bhat]] of Kashmir, who attacked Sialkot after the governor of Punjab, Tatar Khan, had left the city undefended during one of his military campaigns.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=thSltS4Xg4MC&q=medieval+sialkot&pg=PA211|title=Medieval Kashmir|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri}}</ref>

Sialkot was captured by armies of the Babur in 1520,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&q=sialkot+1524&pg=PA226|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|last1=Ahmed|first1=Farooqui Salma|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131732021|access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref> when the Mughal commander Usman Ghani Raza advanced towards Delhi during the initial conquest of [[Babur]].  Babur recorded a battle with [[Gujjar]] raiders, who had attacked Sialkot, and allegedly mistreated its inhabitants.<ref>{{blockquote|29th December: We dismounted at Sialkot. If one enters Hindustan the [[Jat]]s and [[Gujjar]]s always pour down in countless hordes from hill and plain for loot of bullocks and buffalo. These ill-omened peoples are senseless oppressors. Previously, their deeds did not concern us because the territory was an enemy's. But they did the same senseless deeds after we had captured it. When we reached Sialkot, they swooped on the poor and needy folk who were coming out of the town to our camp and stripped them bare. I had the witless brigands apprehended, and ordered a few of them to be cut to pieces.''Babur Nama'' page 250 published by Penguin}}</ref> In 1525–1526, Alam Khan, uncle of Sultan [[Ibrahim Lodi]], invaded from Afghanistan, and was able to capture Sialkot with the aid of Mongol forces.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip5CAAAAcAAJ&q=Alem+Khan&pg=PA77|title=History of the Afghans|last=al-Harawī|first=Niʻmatallāh|date=1829|publisher=Oriental Translation-Fund}}</ref>

===Pre-modern===
==== Mughal ====
[[Abdul Hakim Sialkoti]] was a 16th-17th century [[Mughal Empire|Mughal-era]] [[Ulama|Islamic scholar]], [[Schools of Islamic theology|Islamic theologian]] and [[Islamic philosophy|Islamic philosopher]] from Sialkot. He became the most influential Islamic scholar in the Mughal imperial court, and taught in the imperial ''[[Madrasa|madrassa]].''<ref name="nasr">{{Cite book |last1=Nasr |first1=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPWLvDmhaIsC&pg=PT1064 |title=History of Islamic Philosophy |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-78043-1 |pages=1064–1065 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="schimmel2">{{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfVgEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 |title=Islam in the Indian Subcontinent |date=2022 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-49299-8 |pages=94–96 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nisa |first=Nahim-Un |url=https://archive.org/details/moulanaabdulhakeemsialkotid1067a.d.lifeandworksbynahimunnisa/mode/1up |title=Moulana Abdul Hakeem Sialkoti (d 1067 A. D.): Life And Works |date=1997 |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |location=Agra |language=ur}}</ref> After Abdul Hakim Sialkoti's death in 1656, his son Maulvī Abdullah became chief scholar of Sialkot, and his ''madrassa'' became a centre of learning.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Casalini |first1=Cristiano |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h98eEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 |title=Education beyond Europe: Models and Traditions before Modernities |last2=Choi |first2=Edward |last3=Woldegiyorgis |first3=Ayenachew A. |date=2021 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-44147-7 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref>

During the early Mughal era, Sialkot was made part of the ''subah,'' or "province", of Lahore.<ref name=":6" /> According to Sikh tradition, [[Guru Nanak]], the founder of [[Sikhism]], visited the city,<ref name="Dhillon">Dhillon, Iqbal S. (1998). ''Folk Dances of Panjab''. Delhi: National Book Shop.</ref> sometime in the early 16th century. He is said to have met Hamza Ghaus, a prominent Sufi mystic based in Sialkot, at a site now commemorated by the city's [[Gurdwara Beri Sahib]].

During the [[Akbar]] era, Sialkot's ''[[pargana]]'' territory was placed in the ''jagir'' [[Jagir|custodianship]] of [[Raja Man Singh]], who would repair the city's fort, and sought to increase its population and develop its economy.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4y9zAAAAMAAJ&q=sialkot+akbar|title=Punjab, the land of beauty, love, and mysticism|last=Quddus|first=Syed Abdul|date=1992|publisher=Royal Book Co.|isbn=9789694071305}}</ref> In 1580 [[Yousuf Shah Chak]] of [[Kashmir]] sought refuge in the city during his exile from the Valley of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2U9uAAAAMAAJ&q=sialkot+jehangir|title=The Kachhwahas under Akbar and Jahangir|last=Khan|first=Refaqat Ali|date=1976|publisher=Kitab Pub. House}}</ref> Paper-makers from Kashmir migrated to the city during the Akbar period,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfAJAQAAIAAJ&q=sialkot+paper+kashmir|title=Iqbal Manzil, Sialkot: An Introduction|last=Khan|first=Ahmad Nabi|date=1977|publisher=Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Pakistan}}</ref> and Sialkot later became renowned as the source of the prized Mughal ''Hariri'' paper – known for its brilliant whiteness and strength.<ref name=":12" /> The city's metalworkers also provided the Mughal crown with much of its weaponry.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63oMAQAAMAAJ&q=sialkot|title=Aurangzeb|last=Elphinstone|first=Mountstuart|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195475753}}</ref>

During the reign of [[Jahangir]], the post was given to Safdar Khan, who rebuilt the city's fort, and oversaw a further increase in Sialkot's prosperity.<ref name=":12" /> Numerous fine houses and gardens were built in the city during the Jehangir period.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfAJAQAAIAAJ&q=Rang+Mahal|title=Iqbal Manzil, Sialkot: An Introduction|last=Khan|first=Ahmad Nabi|date=1977|publisher=Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Pakistan}}</ref> During the [[Shah Jahan]] period, the city was placed under the rule of [[Ali Mardan Khan]].<ref name=":14"/>

The last Mughal emperor, [[Aurangzeb]], appointed Ganga Dhar as ''faujdar''  of the city until 1654.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7L0bAAAAIAAJ&q=sialkot+aurangzeb|title=Region and empire: Panjab in the seventeenth century|last=Singh|first=Chetan|date=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195627596}}</ref> Rahmat Khan was then placed in charge of the city, and would build a mosque in the city.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfAJAQAAIAAJ&q=sialkot+aurangzeb|title=Iqbal Manzil, Sialkot: An Introduction|last=Khan|first=Ahmad Nabi|date=1977|publisher=Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Pakistan}}</ref> Under Aurangzeb's reign, Sialkot became known as a great centre of Islamic thought and scholarship,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGYOAQAAMAAJ&q=sialkot+aurangzeb|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Education: A-K|last1=Rajput|first1=J. S.|last2=(India)|first2=National Council of Educational Research and Training|date=2004|publisher=NCERT|isbn=9788174503039}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmDVAAAAMAAJ&q=sialkot+greece|title=The Pakistan Review|date=1968|publisher=Ferozsons Limited}}</ref> and attracted scholars because of the widespread availability of paper in the city.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AK42AAAAIAAJ&q=sialkot+paper|title=Education and learning under the great Mughals, 1526–1707 A.D.|last=Sahay|first=Binode Kumar|date=1968|publisher=New Literature Pub. Co.}}</ref>

==== Post-Mughal ====
Following the decline of the Mughal empire after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, Sialkot and its outlying districts were left undefended and forced to defend itself. In 1739, the city was captured by [[Nader Shah]] of Persia during [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire|his invasion of the Mughal Empire]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzBAAQAAMAAJ&q=sialkot&pg=PA92|title=History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time|last=bahādur.)|first=Muḥammad Laṭīf (Saiyid, khān|date=1891|publisher=Calcutta Central Press Company, limited}}</ref> The city was placed under the governorship of [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur|Zakariya Khan]], the Mughal Viceroy of Lahore, who in return for the city promised to pay tribute to the [[Afsharid dynasty|Persian crown]].<ref name=":10" /> After that [[Nader Shah]] went to [[India]] where in [[Karnal]], Rao Bal Kishan fought against him with their 5000 soldiers who hails from [[Ahirwal]] on 24, Feb 1739 . Seen this [[Nader Shah]] shocked but impressed by Rao Bal Kishan fighting skills. Lastly when Nadirshah reached Delhi he told Muhammad Shah about Rao Bal Kishan<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fox |first=Richard Gabriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAXULggU0QMC&q=rao+balkishan |title=Realm and Region in Traditional India |date=1977 |publisher=Duke University, Program in Comparative Studies on Southern Asia |isbn=978-0-916994-12-9 |language=en}}</ref> Bravery, on which [[Muhammad Shah]] ordered to make a "Chhatri" to honour Rao Bal Kishan at Karnal which still can be found.[https://books.google.com/books?id=p69GMA226bgC&dq=rao+balkishan+singh&pg=PA50]
In the wake of the Persian invasion, Sialkot fell under the control of Pashtun powerful families from [[Multan]] and [[Afghanistan]] – the [[Kakayzai]]s and [[Sherwani (Pashtun tribe)|Sherwani]]s.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCMKAQAAIAAJ&q=sialkot+%22shah+jahan%22&pg=PA328|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India ...|last1=Cotton|first1=James Sutherland|last2=Burn|first2=Sir Richard|last3=Meyer|first3=Sir William Stevenson|date=1908|publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref> Sialkot was crept upon by Ranjit Deo of [[Jammu]], who pledged nominal allegiance to the Mughal crown in Delhi.<ref name=":14" /> Ranjit Deo did not conquer Sialkot city from the Pashtun families which held the city, but switched allegiance to the Pashtun ruler [[Ahmed Shah Durrani]] in 1748,<ref name=":14" /> effectively ending Mughal influence in Sialkot. The city and three nearby districts were amalgamated into the [[Durrani Empire]].<ref name=":6" />

==== Sikh ====
Sikh chieftains of the [[Bhangi Misl|Bhangi ''Misl'']] state encroached upon Sialkot, and had gained full control of the Sialkot region by 1786,<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":13" /> Sialkot was portioned into 4 quarters, under the control of Sardar Jiwan Singh, Natha Singh, Sahib Singh, and Mohar Singh, who invited the city's dispersed residents back to the city.<ref name=":13" />

The Bhangi rulers engaged in feuds with the neighbouring [[Sukerchakia Misl|Sukerchakia ''Misl'']] state by 1791,<ref name=":14" /> and would eventually lose control of the city. The [[Sikh Empire]] of [[Ranjit Singh]] captured Sialkot from Sardar Jiwan Singh in 1808.<ref name=":10" /> Sikh forces then occupied Sialkot until the arrival of the British in 1849.<ref>{{Citation|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|title=Language of belonging: Islam, regional identity, and the making of Kashmir|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press/Permanent Black. Pp. 359|isbn=978-0-19-521939-5}}</ref>

=== Modern ===
====British====
[[File:Iqbal.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Muhammad Iqbal]], the philosopher-poet credited inspiring the [[Pakistan Movement]], was born in Sialkot in 1877.]]
Sialkot, along with Punjab as a whole, was captured by the British following their victory over the Sikhs at the [[Battle of Gujrat]] in February 1849. During the British era, an official is known as The Resident who would, in theory, advise the Maharaja of [[Kashmir]] would reside in Sialkot during the wintertime.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ingall|first1=Francis|title=The Last of the Bengal Lancers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gW5-AwAAQBAJ&q=sialkot&pg=PA71|date=1989|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=9781473815872|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>

During the [[Sepoy Mutiny]] of 1857, the two Bengal regiments based in Sialkot rebelled against the [[East India Company]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Kim A.|last=Wagner|page=105|title=The Skull of Alum Beg. The Life and Death of a Rebel of 1857|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-087023-2}}</ref> while their native servants also took up arms against the British.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kaye|first1=John|title=Kaye's and Malleson's History of the Indian Mutiny of 1857-8|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108023245|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TogAVyystu0C&q=sialkot&pg=PA472|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> 

In 1877, the Sialkot native poet [[Allama Iqbal]], who is credited for inspiring the [[Pakistan Movement]], was born into a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] family that had converted to [[Islam]] from [[Hinduism]] in the early 1400s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svYphqj8h7UC&q=iqbal+sialkot+kashmiri+hindu&pg=PA1|title=Iqbal: Makers of Islamic Civilization|last=Mir|first=Mustansir|date=2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781845110949}}</ref> He is considered to be one of the leading [[Islamic thought]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Azad |first=Hasan |date=2014 |title=Reconstructing the Muslim Self: Muhammad Iqbal, Khudi, and the Modern Self |journal=Islamophobia Studies Journal |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=14–28 |doi=10.13169/islastudj.2.2.0014 |jstor=10.13169/islastudj.2.2.0014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> leaders and [[Islamic revivalist|Islamic revivalists]]<ref name="IqbalSinghZakaria1981">{{citation |last1=Iqbal |first1=Sir Muhammad |title=Shikwa and Jawab-i-shikwa |year=1981 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SeiAAAAAIAAJ |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en, ur |isbn=978-0-19-561324-7 |quote="Iqbal it is true, is essentially a poet of Islam" (from the foreword by Rafiq Zakaria, p. 9) |last2=Zakaria |first2=Rafiq |author-link1= |author-link2=Rafiq Zakaria |translator-last=Singh |translator-first=Khushwant}}</ref><ref name="Robinson1996">{{citation |last=Robinson |first=Francis |title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World |pages=283– |year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz5kgjMDnOIC&pg=PA283 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66993-1 |quote=In India, the ghazal and mathnawi forms were adapted in Urdu to express new social and ideological concerns, beginning in the work of the poet Altaf Husayn Hali (1837–1914) and continuing in the poetry of Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938). In the poetry of Iqbal, which he wrote in Persian, to speak to a wider Muslim audience, as well as Urdu, a memory of the past achievements of Islam is combined with a plea for reform. He is considered the greatest Urdu poet of the twentieth century.}}</ref> of the 20th century, and is also widely regarded as having animated the pulse for the Pakistan Movement.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bentlage |first1=Björn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtY6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA267 |title=Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism: A Sourcebook |last2=Eggert |first2=Marion |last3=Krämer |first3=Hans-Martin |last4=Reichmuth |first4=Stefan |date=2016-10-11 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-32900-3 |pages=267 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lelyveld-Martin20042">{{citation |last=Lelyveld |first=David |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World: A-L |page=356 |year=2004 |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |chapter=Muhammad Iqbal |chapter-url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/iqbal-muhammad-c-1877-1938 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-02-865604-5 |quote=Muhammad Iqbal, South Asian poet and ideological innovator, wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian and discursive prose, primarily in English, of particular significance in the formulation of a national ethos for Pakistan.}}</ref><ref name="Sevea2012-22">{{citation |last=Sevea |first=Iqbal Singh |title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India |pages=14– |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrItm_F6wncC&pg=PA14 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-00886-1 |quote=In 1930, he presided over the meeting of the All-India Muslim League in Allahabad. It was here that he delivered his famous address in which he outlined his vision of a cultural and political framework that would ensure the fullest development of the Muslims of India.}}</ref><ref name="Sheikh">{{cite book |last=Sheikh |first=Naveed Shahzad |title=The New Politics of Islam: Pan-Islamic Foreign Policy in a World of States |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-415-44453-8 |page=83}}</ref> The leading religiopolitical slogan for the Pakistan Movement, '''[[Pakistan Ka Matlab Kya La Ilaha Illallah|Pakistan ka matlab kya, La Illaha Il-Allah]]''' was coined in 1943 by another Sialkot native poet, [[Asghar Sodai]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ḥasan |first=Khālid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgxlAAAAMAAJ&q=Pakistan+ka+matlab+kya |title=Remembrances |publisher=Vanguard |year=2001 |isbn=9789694023526 |accessdate=29 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-14 |title=An unsung national hero |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/261147/an-unsung-national-hero |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asghar Sodayee, The Creator Of Famous Pakistan Movement Slogan |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/asghar-sodayee-the-creator-of-famous-pakista-1511652.html |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=UrduPoint |language=en}}</ref> 

In [[August 1947]], nine years after Iqbal's death, the [[partition of India]] gave way to the establishment of [[Pakistan]], a newly independent [[Islamic state]] in which Iqbal is honoured as the [[national poet]]. He is also known in Pakistani society as ''{{Transliteration|ur|Hakim ul-Ummat}}'' ({{Literal translation|The Wise Man of the [[Ummah]]}}) and as {{Transliteration|ur|Mufakkir-e-Pakistan}} ({{Literal translation|The Thinker of Pakistan}}).<ref name="Iqbal Academy Pakistan2">{{Cite web |title=Allama Muhammad Iqbal |url=http://www.allamaiqbal.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221223540/http://www.allamaiqbal.com/ |archive-date=21 February 2014 |access-date=10 March 2004 |website=www.allamaiqbal.com}}</ref> The anniversary of his birth (''Yom-e Weladat-e Muḥammad Iqbal''), 9 November, is observed as a [[Public holidays in Pakistan|public holiday in Pakistan]].<ref>Justice Dr. [[Nasim Hasan Shah]], "Role of Iqbal in the creation of Pakistan" in ''The All-Pakistan Legal Decisions'', Volume 35, Part 1, 1983, p. 208</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-05 |title=Public holidays in Pakistan - Local Pakistan |url=https://www.local.com.pk/working/public-holidays/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.local.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Iqbal Manzil.jpg|thumb|Iqbal Manzil the residence of Allama Iqbal.]]

Sialkot's modern prosperity began during the colonial era.<ref name="Anwar">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNUaBgAAQBAJ&q=1930s+in+Faisalabad&pg=PT119 | title=Infrastructure Redux: Crisis, Progress in Industrial Pakistan & Beyond | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | author=Nausheen Anwar | year=2014 | page=119 | location=Pakistan | isbn=978-1-137-44818-7}}</ref> The city had been known for its paper making and ironworks prior to the colonial era,<ref name="Anwar" /> and became a centre of metalwork in the 1890s. Surgical instruments were being manufactured in Sialkot for use throughout [[British India]] by the 1920s. The city also became a centre for sports goods manufacturing for British troops stationed along with the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)|North West Frontier]] due to the availability of nearby timber reserves.<ref name="Anwar" />

The British-Raj fought in [[Second Boer War|The Second Boer War]]. A concentration camp in Sialkot held the detained [[Second Boer War concentration camps|Boer Prisoners-of-War]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1833 |title=Nicolaas Marthinus Janse van Rensburg |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Nicolaas-Marthinus-Janse-van-Rensburg/6000000025860330867 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=geni_family_tree |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1870-11-09 |title=Cornelis Petrus van Zyl |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Cornelis-Petrus-van-Zyl/6000000147006199403 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=geni_family_tree |language=en-US}}</ref>

As a result of the city's prosperity, large numbers of migrants from [[Jammu region]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] came to the city in search of employment.<ref name="Anwar" /> At the end of [[World War II]], the city was considered the second most industrialised in [[British Punjab]], after Amritsar.<ref name="Anwar"/> Much of the city's infrastructure was paid for by local taxes,<ref name="Anwar"/> and the city was one of the few in British India to have its own electric utility company.<ref name="Anwar" />

====Partition====
The couplet and religiopolitical slogan '''[[Pakistan Ka Matlab Kya La Ilaha Illallah|Pakistan ka matlab kya, La Illaha Il-Allah]]''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|پاکستان کا مطلب کیا لاالہ الا اللہ}}}} — ; ''lit.'' ''What does Pakistan mean?... [[Shahada|There is no God but Allah]]'') was a couplet and political slogan coined in 1943 by Sialkot born and raised poet [[Pakistan Ka Matlab Kya La Ilaha Illallah|Asghar Sodai]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ayres |first=Alyssa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FddJQi1dQ30C&pg=PA194 |title=Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-521-51931-1 |page=194}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-14 |title=An unsung national hero |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/261147/an-unsung-national-hero |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asghar Sodayee, The Creator Of Famous Pakistan Movement Slogan |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/asghar-sodayee-the-creator-of-famous-pakista-1511652.html |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=UrduPoint |language=en}}</ref> The slogan became a battle cry and greeting for the [[Muslim League (Opposition)|Muslim League]], which was struggling for an [[Pakistan Movement|independent country for the Muslims of South Asia]], when [[World War II]] ended and the independence movement geared up.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ḥasan |first=Khālid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgxlAAAAMAAJ&q=Pakistan+ka+matlab+kya |title=Remembrances |publisher=Vanguard |year=2001 |isbn=9789694023526 |accessdate=29 October 2018}}</ref> This slogan shows the religious identity of Pakistan too.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ayres |first=Alyssa |title=Religion and Conflict in South and Southeast Asia: Disrupting Violence |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-134-15306-0 |editor1=Linell E. Cady |page=111 |chapter=Religious Violence beyond Borders |editor2=Sheldon W. Simon |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ccJ8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111}}</ref>

The first communal riots between Hindus/Sikhs and Muslims took place on 24 June 1946,<ref name="azadi">{{cite book|last1=Nahal|first1=Chaman|title=Azadi|date=2001|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780141007502}}</ref> a day after the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan as a separate state. Sialkot remained peaceful for several months while communal riots had erupted in [[Lahore]], [[Amritsar]], [[Ludhiana]], and [[Rawalpindi]].<ref name="azadi"/> The predominantly Muslim population supported [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and the [[Pakistan Movement]].

While Muslim refugees had poured into the city escaping riots elsewhere, Sialkot's Hindu and Sikh communities began fleeing in the opposite direction towards India.<ref name="azadi"/> They initially congregated in fields outside the city, where some of Sialkot's Muslims would bid farewell to departing friends.<ref name="azadi"/> Hindu and Sikh refugees were unable to exit Pakistan towards Jammu on account of conflict in Kashmir, and were instead required to transit via Lahore.<ref name="azadi"/>

====Post-independence====
After independence in 1947 the [[Hindu]] and Sikh minorities migrated to India, while Muslim refugees from India settled in Sialkot. The city had suffered significant losses as a result of communal rioting that erupted because of Partition.<ref name="anwar"/> 80% of Sialkot's industry had been destroyed or abandoned, and the working capital fell by an estimated 90%.<ref name="anwar"/> The city was further stressed by the arrival of 200,000 migrants, mostly from [[Jammu]],<ref name="anwar"/> who had arrived in the city.<ref name="anwar"/>

Following the demise of industry in the city, the government of [[West Pakistan]] prioritised the re-establishment of Punjab's decimated industrial base.<ref name="anwar"/> The province lead infrastructure projects in the area, and allotted abandoned properties to newly arrived refugees.<ref name="anwar"/> Local entrepreneurs also rose to fill the vacuum created by the departure of Hindu and Sikh businessmen.<ref name="anwar"/> By the 1960s, the provincial government laid extensive new roadways in the district, and connected it to trunk roads to link the region to the seaport in [[Karachi]].<ref name="anwar"/>

During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], when Pakistani troops arrived in Kashmir, the Indian Army counterattacked in the Sialkot Sector. The Pakistan Army successfully defended the city and the people of Sialkot came out in full force to support the troops.<ref name="Book">K Conboy, "Elite Forces of India and Pakistan" {{ISBN|1-85532-209-9}}, page 9</ref> In 1966, [[Government of Pakistan]] awarded a special flag of [[Hilal-e-Istaqlal]] to Sialkot, along with [[Lahore]] and [[Sargodha]] in Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]for showing severe resistance in front of enemy as these cities were target of enemy's advances.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commemorating Sept 1965: Nation celebrates Defence Day with fervour|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/601035/commemorating-sept-1965-nation-celebrates-defence-day-with-fervour|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=7 September 2013}}</ref> Every year on [[Defence Day]], this flag is hoisted in these cities as a symbol of recognition of the will, courage and perseverance of the dwellers of these cities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Defence Day celebrated with renewed pledges|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/56110/defence-day-celebrated-with-renewed-pledges|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=7 September 2002}}</ref> The armoured battles in the Sialkot sector like the [[Battle of Chawinda]] were the most intense since the [[Second World War]].<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20060503042035/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Books/Synopsis.html The India-Pakistan Air War of 1965]'', Synopsis. Retrieved 26 May 2008 at the [[Internet Archive]]</ref>