Editing Silicon Graphics (section)

==History==
[[File:Silicon Graphics logo.png|thumb|Silicon Graphics logo with distinctive 3D box "bug", used until 1999]]

===Early years===
[[James H. Clark]] left his position as an electrical engineering associate professor at [[Stanford University]] to found SGI in 1982 along with a group of seven graduate students and research staff from Stanford University: [[Kurt Akeley]], [[David J. Brown (computer scientist)|David J. Brown]], [[Tom Davis (scientist)|Tom Davis]], Rocky Rhodes, [[Marc Hannah]], [[Herb Kuta]], and [[Mark Grossman (engineer)|Mark Grossman]];<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Computers and Computer History|last=Bowen|first=Jonathan|date=2001|publisher=[[Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers]], The Moschovitis Group|editor-last=Rojas|editor-first=Raúl|location=New York|pages=709–710|chapter=Silicon Graphics, Inc.|author-link=Jonathan Bowen}}</ref> along with [[Abbey Silverstone]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080609020120/http://www.sgi.com/company_info/features/2007/25_anniv.html The First Quarter-Century], Silicon Graphics, 2007.</ref> and a few others.

===Growth===
Ed McCracken was [[CEO]] of Silicon Graphics from 1984 to 1997.<ref name=einstein1029>{{cite news|last=Einstein|first=David|title=McCracken leaves SGI; 700 to 1000 laid off|url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/McCracken-leaves-SGI-700-to-1000-laid-off-2824550.php|access-date=December 30, 2013|newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=October 29, 1997}}</ref> During those years, SGI grew from annual revenues of $5.4 million to $3.7 billion.<ref name=einstein1029/>

===Decline===
The addition of 3D graphic capabilities to [[Personal computer|PC]]s, and the ability of clusters of [[Linux]]- and [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]]-based PCs to take on many of the tasks of larger SGI servers, ate into SGI's core markets. The porting of [[Maya (software)|Maya]] to [[Linux]], Mac OS and [[Microsoft Windows]] further eroded the low end of SGI's product line.

In response to challenges faced in the marketplace and a falling share price, [[Ed McCracken]] was fired and SGI brought in [[Richard Belluzzo]] to replace him. Under Belluzzo's leadership a number of initiatives were taken which are considered to have accelerated the corporate decline.<ref>{{cite web
  |title = Microsoft man's shadow over bankrupt SGI
  |author= Andrew Orlowski
  |author-link = Andrew Orlowski
  |date  = May 9, 2006
  |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/05/09/sgi_chapter11_analysis/
  |work=[[The Register]]
  |access-date=February 7, 2015}}</ref>

One such initiative was trying to sell workstations running [[Windows NT]] called [[SGI Visual Workstation|Visual Workstations]] in addition to workstations running [[IRIX]], the company's version of [[UNIX]]. This put the company in even more direct competition with the likes of Dell, making it more difficult to justify a price premium. The product line was unsuccessful and abandoned a few years later.

SGI's premature announcement of its migration from MIPS to Itanium and its abortive ventures into IA-32 architecture systems (the [[SGI Visual Workstation|Visual Workstation]] line, the ex-Intergraph Zx10 range and the SGI 1000-series Linux servers) damaged SGI's credibility in the market.

In 1999, in an attempt to clarify their current market position as more than a graphics company, Silicon Graphics Inc. changed its corporate identity to "SGI", although its legal name was unchanged.

At the same time, SGI announced a new logo consisting of only the letters "sgi" in a proprietary font called "SGI", created by branding and design consulting firm [[Landor Associates]], in collaboration with designer Joe Stitzlein. SGI continued to use the "Silicon Graphics" name for its workstation product line, and later re-adopted the cube logo for some workstation models.

In November 2005, SGI announced that it had been delisted from the [[New York Stock Exchange]] because its common stock had fallen below the minimum share price for listing on the exchange. SGI's [[market capitalization]] dwindled from a peak of over seven [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] dollars in 1995 to just $120 million at the time of delisting. In February 2006, SGI noted that it could run out of cash by the end of the year.<ref>{{cite web|title = SGI's Future Could Include Bankruptcy, Sale|url = http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,1697,1925129,00.asp|work = ExtremeTech|date = February 10, 2006|access-date = November 12, 2008|archive-date = June 7, 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110607210928/http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,1697,1925129,00.asp|url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Re-emergence===
[[File:Googleplexsouthsidesecondangle.jpg|thumb|right|SGI headquarters on Amphitheatre Parkway, after it became the [[Googleplex]], {{Circa|2006}}]]
In mid-2005, SGI hired Alix Partners to advise it on returning to profitability and received a new line of credit. SGI announced it was postponing its scheduled annual December stockholders meeting until March 2006. It proposed a [[reverse stock split]] to deal with the de-listing from the New York Stock Exchange.

In January 2006, SGI hired Dennis McKenna as its new CEO and chairman of the board of directors. Mr. McKenna succeeded [[Robert Bishop (manager)|Robert Bishop]], who remained vice chairman of the board of directors.

On May 8, 2006, SGI announced that it had filed for [[Chapter 11]] bankruptcy protection for itself and U.S. subsidiaries as part of a plan to reduce debt by $250 million.<ref>Patrick Fitzgerald. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114708367971646497 Silicon Graphics Seeks Chapter 11 As Sales Decline] Wall Street Journal, 2006. (subscription required)</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Silicon Graphics Chapter 11 Petition|url=https://www.pacermonitor.com/view/EUOGNXA/Silicon_Graphics_Inc__nysbke-6-10977__0001.0.pdf|website=PacerMonitor|access-date=June 7, 2016}}</ref> Two days later, the U.S. Bankruptcy Court approved its first day [[Motion (legal)|motions]] and its use of a $70 million financing facility provided by a group of its bondholders. Foreign subsidiaries were unaffected.

On September 6, 2006, SGI announced the end of development for the MIPS/IRIX line and the IRIX operating system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sgi.com/support/mips_irix.html |title=End of General Availability for MIPS IRIX Products |access-date=May 2, 2009 |publisher=Silicon Graphics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426090853/http://www.sgi.com/support/mips_irix.html |archive-date=April 26, 2009 }}</ref> Production would end on December 29 and the last orders would be fulfilled by March 2007. Support for these products would end after December 2013.

SGI emerged from bankruptcy protection on October 17, 2006.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sgi.com/features/2006/october/growth/| title = SGI Emerges Lean, Focused and Ready to Grow| access-date = January 25, 2007| work = SGI Web site}}</ref> Its stock symbol on [[OTC Markets Group|Pink Sheets]] at that point, ''SGID'', was canceled, and new stock was issued on the NASDAQ exchange under the symbol ''SGIC''.<ref>{{cite press release
  |url = http://www.sgi.com/company_info/newsroom/press_releases/2006/october/nasdaq.html
  |title = SGI Common Stock to Begin Trading on NASDAQ Under "SGIC"
  |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120702114600/http://www.sgi.com/company_info/newsroom/press_releases/2006/october/nasdaq.html
  |archive-date = July 2, 2012
  |access-date = April 27, 2018
  |date = October 23, 2006
  |publisher = Silicon Graphics
}}</ref> This new stock was distributed to the company's creditors, and the SGID common stockholders were left with worthless shares.<ref>{{cite press release|url = http://www.sgi.com/company_info/newsroom/press_releases/2006/july/file_reorg_and_disclosure.html|title = SGI Files Plan of Reorganization and Disclosure Statement|access-date = May 2, 2009|date = July 5, 2006|publisher = Silicon Graphics|url-status=dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081222115410/http://www.sgi.com/company_info/newsroom/press_releases/2006/july/file_reorg_and_disclosure.html|archive-date = December 22, 2008}}</ref> At the end of that year, the company moved its headquarters from [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]] to [[Sunnyvale, California|Sunnyvale]].<ref>{{cite news|title=SGI hermit crabs over to Sunnyvale |publisher=Silicon Graphics|author-link=Ashlee Vance|last=Vance|first=Ashlee|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/01/12/sgi_sunnyvale/|work=[[The Register]]|date=January 12, 2007|access-date=February 26, 2008}}</ref> Its earlier North Shoreline headquarters is now occupied by the [[Computer History Museum]]; the newer Amphitheatre Parkway headquarters was sold to [[Google]] (which had already subleased and moved into the facility in 2003). Both of these locations were award-winning designs by [[Studios Architecture]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://studios.com/projects/computer_history_museum_formerly_sgi/|title=Studios Architecture Computer History Museum (Formerly SGI)|website=studios.com|language=en-US|access-date=October 11, 2017|archive-date=June 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626033732/http://studios.com/projects/computer_history_museum_formerly_sgi/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://studios.com/projects/google_headquarters_formerly_sgi_north_charleston_campus/|title=Studios Architecture Googleplex|website=studios.com|language=en-US|access-date=October 11, 2017|archive-date=June 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626014221/http://studios.com/projects/google_headquarters_formerly_sgi_north_charleston_campus/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In April 2008, SGI re-entered the visualization market with the [[SGI Virtu]] range of visualization servers and workstations, which were re-badged systems from [[BOXX Technologies]] based on Intel [[Xeon]] or [[AMD Opteron]] processors and [[Nvidia Quadro]] graphics chipsets, running [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]], [[SUSE Linux Enterprise Server]] or [[Windows Server 2003#Windows Compute Cluster Server|Windows Compute Cluster Server]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hpcwire.com/features/Back_to_the_Future_SGI_Returns_to_Visualization.html|title=Back to the Future: SGI Returns to Visualization|date=April 11, 2008|work=HPCwire|access-date=September 29, 2009}}</ref>

===Final bankruptcy and acquisition by Rackable Systems===
In December 2008, SGI received a delisting notification from [[NASDAQ]], as its market value had been below the minimum $35 million requirement for 10 consecutive trading days, and also did not meet NASDAQ's alternative requirements of a minimum stockholders' equity of $2.5 million or annual net income from continuing operations of $500,000 or more.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.sgi.com/company_info/newsroom/press_releases/2008/december/nasdaq.html
 |title=Silicon Graphics, Inc. Receives NASDAQ Delisting Notification|date=December 8, 2008
 |publisher=Silicon Graphics
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110607121636/http://www.sgi.com/company_info/newsroom/press_releases/2008/december/nasdaq.html
 |archive-date = June 7, 2011
 |access-date = April 27, 2018
}}</ref>

On April 1, 2009, SGI filed for Chapter 11 again, and announced that it would sell substantially all of its assets to [[Rackable Systems]] for $25 million.<ref>{{cite press release|url = http://www.sgi.com/company_info/newsroom/press_releases/2009/april/rackable.html|title = Rackable Systems Announces Agreement to Acquire Silicon Graphics Inc.|access-date = April 1, 2009|date = April 1, 2009|publisher = Silicon Graphics}}</ref> The sale, ultimately for $42.5 million, was finalized on May 11, 2009; at the same time, Rackable announced their adoption of "Silicon Graphics International" as their global name and brand.<ref>{{cite press release|url = http://www.rackable.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?prid=693|title = Rackable Systems Completes Acquisition of Silicon Graphics Assets|access-date = May 11, 2009|date = May 11, 2009|publisher = [[Rackable Systems]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090511040251/http://www.rackable.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?prid=693|archive-date = May 11, 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url = http://www.rackable.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?prid=699|title = Rackable Systems Receives Court Approval to Purchase Silicon Graphics Assets|access-date = May 2, 2009|date = April 30, 2009|publisher = [[Rackable Systems]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090514034511/http://www.rackable.com/news/pressrelease.aspx?prid=699|archive-date = May 14, 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> The Bankruptcy Court scheduled continuing proceedings and hearings for June 3 and 24, 2009, and July 22, 2009.<ref name="Donlin Recano-Docket-2009-05-11">{{cite news| title = Silicon Graphics, Inc., et al.| url = http://www.donlinrecano.com/cases/caseinfo.aspx?cl=sgi| access-date = May 11, 2009| publisher = Donlin Recano & Company}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (selected items from the court docket, Case #	09-11701, United States Bankruptcy Court, Southern District of New York, Judge Martin Glenn)</ref><ref>{{cite news| title = The SGI bankruptcy proceeding: do your own deep dive into the original court documents| url = http://insidehpc.com/2009/05/05/the-sgi-bankruptcy-proceeding-do-your-own-deep-dive-into-the-original-court-documents/| first = John| last = West| work = Inside HPC| date = May 5, 2009| access-date = May 12, 2009}}</ref>{{update after|2009|07|22}}

After the Rackable acquisition, ''Vizworld'' magazine published [http://www.vizworld.com/tag/sgi-bts// a series of six articles that chronicle the downfall of SGI.]

[[Hewlett Packard Enterprise]] acquired Silicon Graphics International in November 2016, which allowed HPE to place the SGI [[Pleiades (supercomputer)|Pleiades]], a [[TOP500]] supercomputer at NASA Ames Research Center, in its portfolio.<ref name="HPE-SGI">{{cite press release
 | url         = https://www.hpe.com/us/en/newsroom/news-archive/press-release/2016/08/1272793-hewlett-packard-enterprise-to-acquire-sgi-to-extend-leadership-in-high-growth-big-data-analytics-and-high-performance-computing.html
 | title       = Hewlett Packard Enterprise to Acquire SGI to Extend Leadership in High-Growth Big Data Analytics and High-Performance Computing
 | accessdate  = 2016-08-11
 | date        = 2024-09-03
 | publisher   = Hewlett Packard Enterprise
 | url-status  = dead
 | archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160911162616/https://www.hpe.com/us/en/newsroom/news-archive/press-release/2016/08/1272793-hewlett-packard-enterprise-to-acquire-sgi-to-extend-leadership-in-high-growth-big-data-analytics-and-high-performance-computing.html
 | archivedate = 2016-09-11}}</ref><ref name="HPE-SGI-done">{{cite press release
 | url         = https://www.hpe.com/us/en/newsroom/news-archive/press-release/2016/11/Hewlett-Packard-Enterprise-Completes-Acquisition-of-SGI.html
 | title       = Hewlett Packard Enterprise Completes Acquisition of SGI
 | accessdate  = 2016-11-01
 | date        = 2024-09-03
 | publisher   = Hewlett Packard Enterprise
 | url-status  = dead
 | archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20161103234625/https://www.hpe.com/us/en/newsroom/news-archive/press-release/2016/11/Hewlett-Packard-Enterprise-Completes-Acquisition-of-SGI.html
 | archivedate = 2016-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
 | author     = Iain Thomson
 | title      = OMG: HPE gobbles SGI for HPC. WTF?
 | url        = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/08/11/hpe_buys_sgi/
 | work       = [[The Register]]
 | date       = 2016-08-11
 | accessdate = 2024-09-03}}</ref><ref name="TOP500 2019">{{cite web|url=http://top500.org/system/177259|title=Pleiades - SGI ICE X, Intel Xeon E5-2670/E5-2680v2/E5-2680v3/E5-2680v4 2.6/2.8/2.5/2.4 GHz, Infiniband FDR |publisher=Top 500, the list|accessdate=March 19, 2020}}</ref>

===Graphics Properties Holdings, Inc. era===
During Silicon Graphics Inc.'s second bankruptcy phase, it was renamed to Graphics Properties Holdings, Inc.(GPHI) in June 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/sec-filings/091110/Graphics-Properties-Holdings-Inc_8-K/|title=Graphics Properties Holdings, Inc. - FORM 8-K - November 10, 2009|access-date=April 17, 2015|archive-date=December 4, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204135214/http://www.faqs.org/sec-filings/091110/Graphics-Properties-Holdings-Inc_8-K/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=34343|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717185506/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=34343|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 17, 2010|title=Graphics Properties Holdings, Inc.: Private Company Information - Businessweek|work=Businessweek.com|access-date=April 17, 2015}}</ref>

In 2010, GPHI announced it had won a significant favorable ruling in its litigation with ATI Technologies and AMD in June 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patentlyapple.com/patently-apple/2010/11/former-sgi-files-patent-infringement-lawsuit-against-apple.html|title=Former SGI Files Patent Infringement Lawsuit against Apple - Patently Apple|access-date=April 17, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/cafc/08-1334/08-1334-2011-03-27.pdf|title=United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit SILICON GRAPHICS, INC., Plaintiff-Cross Appellant, v. ATI TECHNOLOGIES, INC., ATI TECHNOLOGIES ULC, AND ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES, INC., Defendants-Appellants. 2008-1334, -1353 Appeals from the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin in Case No. 06-CV-0611, Chief Judge Barbara B. Crabb|website=justia.com|access-date=March 25, 2018}}</ref> following the patent lawsuit originally filed during the Silicon Graphics, Inc. era.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sgi-files-patent-infringement-lawsuit-against-ati-56597242.html|title=SGI Files Patent Infringement Lawsuit Against ATI|author=SGI|date=October 23, 2006|access-date=April 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403124241/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sgi-files-patent-infringement-lawsuit-against-ati-56597242.html|archive-date=April 3, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following the 2008 appeal by ATI over the validity of {{US patent|6,650,327}} ('327) and Silicon Graphics Inc's voluntary dismissal of the {{US patent|6,885,376}} ('376) patent from the lawsuit,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patentlit.com/2008/05/02/silicon-graphics-v-ati-is-a-draw/|title=Welcome patentlit.com - BlueHost.com|access-date=April 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403134630/http://www.patentlit.com/2008/05/02/silicon-graphics-v-ati-is-a-draw/|archive-date=April 3, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> the Federal Circuit upheld the jury verdict on the validity of GPHI's U.S. Patent No. 6,650,327, and furthermore found that AMD had lost its right to challenge patent validity in future proceedings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itproportal.com/2010/06/09/amd-knocked-back-radeon-patent-spat/|title=AMD knocked back in Radeon patent spat|work=ITProPortal|date=June 9, 2010|access-date=April 17, 2015}}</ref> On January 31, 2011, the District Court entered an order that permits AMD to pursue its invalidity affirmative defense at trial and does not permit SGI to accuse AMD's Radeon R700 series of graphics products of infringement in this case.<ref name="ADVANCED-MICRO-DEVICES-INC-Feb-2011-10-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1771/119312511040392/filing-main.htm |title=ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES INC, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Feb 18, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =May 15, 2018}}</ref> On April 18, 2011, GPHI and AMD had entered into a confidential Settlement and License Agreement that resolved this litigation matter for an immaterial amount and that provides immunity under all GPHI patents for alleged infringement by AMD products, including components, software and designs. On April 26, 2011, the Court entered an order granting the parties' agreed motion for dismissal and final judgment.<ref name="ADVANCED-MICRO-DEVICES-INC-Aug-2011-10-Q">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2640/119312511218202/filing-main.htm |title=ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES INC, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date Aug 10, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =May 15, 2018}}</ref>

In November 2011, GPHI filed another patent infringement lawsuit against Apple Inc. in Delaware involving more patents than their original patent infringement case against Apple last November, for alleged violation of U.S. patents 6,650,327 ('327), {{US patent|6,816,145}} ('145) and {{US patent|5,717,881}} ('881).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patentlyapple.com/patently-apple/2011/11/its-war-former-sgi-surprises-apple-with-another-patent-infringement-lawsuit.html|title=It's War: Former SGI Surprises Apple with another Patent Infringement Lawsuit - Patently Apple|access-date=April 17, 2015}}</ref>

In 2012, GPHI filed lawsuit against Apple, Sony, HTC Corp, LG Electronics Inc. and Samsung Electronics Co., Research in Motion Ltd. for allegedly violating patent relating to a computer graphics process that turns text and images into pixels to be displayed on screens. Affected devices include Apple iPhone, HTC EVO4G, LG Thrill, Research in Motion Torch, Samsung Galaxy S and Galaxy S II, and Sony Xperia Play smartphones.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/technology/business-technology/apple-rim-get-patent-trolled-by-remnants-of-silicon-graphics/article2383034/print/|title=Apple, RIM get patent trolled by remnants of Silicon Graphics|work=The Globe and Mail|access-date=April 17, 2015|archive-date=March 31, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331033129/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/technology/business-technology/apple-rim-get-patent-trolled-by-remnants-of-silicon-graphics/article2383034/print/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/graphicsproperties-patent-lawsuits-idUKL2E8ERKXC20120327|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203221914/https://uk.reuters.com/article/graphicsproperties-patent-lawsuits-idUKL2E8ERKXC20120327|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 3, 2018|title=UPDATE 2-Apple, Sony, 4 others sued by Graphics Properties|work=Reuters UK|date=March 27, 2012|access-date=April 17, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://morrisjames.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/graphics-properties-holdings-inc-v-samsung-electronics-co-ltd-et-al.pdf|title=Case 1:99-mc-09999 Document 248 GRAPHICS PROPERTIES HOLDINGS, INC., Plaintiff, v. SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD, SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS AMERICA, INC. and SAMSUNG TELECOMMUNICATIONS AMERICA, LLC Defendants.|website=wordpress.com|access-date=March 25, 2018}}</ref>

* {{US patent|6,650,327}} - 1998 Display system having floating point rasterization and floating point ..
* {{US patent|6,885,376}} - 2002 System, method, and computer program product for near-real time load ..
* {{US patent|6,816,145}} - 1998 Large area wide aspect ratio flat panel monitor having high resolution for ..
* {{US patent|5,717,881}} - 1995 Data processing system for processing one and two parcel instructions