Editing Simian (section)

==Taxonomy==
In earlier classification, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, apes, and humans – collectively known as '''simians''' or '''anthropoids''' – were grouped under '''Anthropoidea''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|n|θ|r|ə|ˈ|p|ɔɪ|d|i|.|ə}}; {{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|ἄνθρωπος}}'' ({{grc-transl|ἄνθρωπος}})|human||''{{wikt-lang|grc|-οειδής}}'' ({{grc-transl|-οειδής}})|resembling, connected to, etc.}}), while the [[Strepsirrhini|strepsirrhines]] and tarsiers were grouped under the suborder "[[Prosimii]]". Under modern classification, the tarsiers and simians are grouped under the suborder [[Haplorhini]], while the strepsirrhines are placed in suborder Strepsirrhini.<ref name="The Human Lineage">{{cite book | last1 = Cartmill | first1 = M. | last2 = Smith | first2 = F. H | title = The Human Lineage | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-118-21145-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X058kYnhxC0C&pg=PA89}}</ref> Strong genetic evidence for this is that five [[Short interspersed nuclear element|SINEs]] are common to all haplorhines whilst absent in strepsirrhines — even one being coincidental between tarsiers and simians would be quite unlikely.<ref name="Williams">{{cite journal| title = New perspectives on anthropoid origins|first1=Blythe A | last1=Williams | first2=Richard F | last2=Kay | first3=E Christopher| last3=Kirk| editor-first=Alan | editor-last=Walker | journal = [[PNAS]]| date = January 2010 | volume = 107| pages = 4797–4804 | issue = 11 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0908320107|pmid=20212104 | pmc=2841917|bibcode=2010PNAS..107.4797W |doi-access=free }}</ref> Despite this preferred taxonomic division, "[[prosimian]]" is still regularly found in textbooks and the academic literature because of familiarity, a condition likened to the use of the [[metric system]] in the sciences and the use of [[United States customary units|customary units]] elsewhere in the United States.<ref name="Primates in Perspective">{{cite book | last1 = Hartwig | first1 = W. | title = Primates in Perspective | edition = 2nd | editor1-last = Campbell | editor1-first = C. J. | editor2-last = Fuentes | editor2-first = A. | editor3-last = MacKinnon | editor3-first = K. C. | editor4-last = Bearder | editor4-first = S. K. | editor5-last=Stumpf | editor5-first = R. M | chapter = Chapter 3: Primate evolution | pages = 19–31 | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-19-539043-8 }}</ref> In the Anthropoidea, evidence indicates that the Old World and New World primates went through parallel evolution.<ref>{{cite book| title= Organic Evolution| year= 1917| edition= 1929| publisher= The Macmillan Company|location=New York|pages= 641–86| first= Richard Swann |last= Lull| chapter= XXXVII: The Evolution of Man| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZxIAAAAMAAJ| via= Google Books}}</ref>

[[Primatology]], [[paleoanthropology]], and other related fields are split on their usage of the synonymous infraorder names, Simiiformes and Anthropoidea. According to [[Robert Hoffstetter]] (and supported by [[Colin Groves]]), the term Simiiformes has [[Principle of Priority|priority]] over Anthropoidea because the taxonomic term ''Simii'' by [[Jan van der Hoeven|van der Hoeven]], from which it is constructed, dates to 1833.<ref name=msw3/><ref name=Hoffstetter>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hoffstetter | first1 = R. | title = Phylogeny and geographical deployment of the Primates | doi = 10.1016/0047-2484(74)90028-1 | journal = Journal of Human Evolution | volume = 3 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–350 | year = 1974 | bibcode = 1974JHumE...3..327H }}</ref> In contrast, Anthropoidea by [[St. George Jackson Mivart|Mivart]] dates to 1864,<ref>{{cite book | title = Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology: Humanity, Culture and Social Life | editor1-last = Ingold | editor1-first = T | chapter = The evolution of early hominids | last1 = Tobias | first1 = P. V. | publisher = Taylor & Francis | year = 2002 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hKzSc02tbaMC&pg=PA35 | page = 35 | isbn = 978-0-415-28604-6}}</ref> while Simiiformes by [[Ernst Haeckel|Haeckel]] dates to 1866, leading to counterclaims of priority.<ref name=msw3/> Hoffstetter also argued that Simiiformes is also constructed like a proper infraorder name (ending in "iformes"), whereas Anthropoidea ends in -"oidea", which is reserved for superfamilies. He also noted that Anthropoidea is too easily confused with "anthropoïdes", which translates to "apes" from several languages.<ref name=Hoffstetter/>

Some lines of extinct simian also are either placed into the [[Eosimiidae]] (to reflect their [[Eocene]] origin) and sometimes in [[Amphipithecidae]], thought to originate in the [[Rupelian|Early Oligocene]]. Additionally, ''[[Phileosimias]]'' is sometimes placed in the Eosimiidae and sometimes categorised separately.<ref>{{cite journal| title = Anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills): Data on early anthropoid evolution and biogeography| author = Marivaux <!---| first1=Laurent | last1=Marivaux | first2=Pierre-Olivier | last2=Antoine‡ | first3=Rafiqul Hassan Syed| last3=Baqri| first4=Mouloud | last4=Benammi | first5=Yaowalak | first5=Chaimaneet | first6=Jean-Yves | last6=Crochet | first7=Dario | last7=de Franceschi| first8=Nayyer | last8=Iqbal | first9=Jean-Jacques | last9=Jaeger | first10=Gregoire | last10=Metais†† | first11=Ghazala | last11=Roohi| first12=Jean-Loup | last12=Welcomme--->| journal = [[PNAS]]| date = June 2005 | volume = 102| pages = 8436–41 | issue = 24| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0503469102| pmc = 1150860| pmid=15937103| bibcode = 2005PNAS..102.8436M|display-authors=etal| doi-access = free}} ([http://www.pnas.org/content/102/24/8436.full.pdf Full text PDF])</ref>