Editing Smart card (section)

== History ==
{{See also|Payment card}}

The basis for the smart card is the [[silicon]] [[integrated circuit]] (IC) chip.<ref name="Chen">{{cite book |last1=Chen |first1=Zhiqun |title=Java Card Technology for Smart Cards: Architecture and Programmer's Guide |date=2000 |publisher=[[Addison-Wesley Professional]] |isbn=9780201703290 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/javacardtmtechno00zhiq/page/3 3]–4 |url=https://archive.org/details/javacardtmtechno00zhiq|url-access=registration }}</ref> It was invented by [[Robert Noyce]] at [[Fairchild Semiconductor]] in 1959. The invention of the silicon integrated circuit led to the idea of incorporating it onto a plastic card in the late 1960s.<ref name="Chen"/>

=== Invention ===
[[File:Prototype moreno2.jpg|thumb|One of the first smart card prototypes, created by its inventor [[Roland Moreno]] around 1975. The chip has not yet been miniaturized. On this prototype, one can see how each pin of the microchip (center) is connected to the exterior world by a copper connector.]]
[[File:1979 erste G&D-Chipkarte (8 Kontakte).jpg|thumb|First smart card manufactured by [[Giesecke+Devrient|Giesecke & Devrient]] in 1979, already with the finally standardized dimension (ID-1) and a contact area with eight pads (initially on the upper left corner)]]

The idea of incorporating an [[integrated circuit]] chip onto a plastic card was first introduced by the German engineer [[Helmut Gröttrup]]. In February 1967, Gröttrup filed the patents DE1574074<ref>{{Cite patent |title=Nachahmungssicherer Identifizierungsschalter |country=DE|number=1574074|status=application|pubdate=1971-11-25|invent1=Gröttrup|inventor1-first=Helmut|fdate=1967-02-06|inventorlink=Helmut Gröttrup}}</ref> and DE1574075<ref>{{Cite patent|title=Identifizierungsschalter mit induktiver Zuordnung |country=DE |number=1574075 |status=application|pubdate=1971-11-25|invent1=Gröttrup|inventor1-first=Helmut|fdate=1967-02-06|inventorlink=Helmut Gröttrup}}</ref> in [[West Germany]] for a tamper-proof identification switch based on a [[semiconductor device]] and described contactless communication via inductive coupling.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dpma.de/docs/postergalerieneu/34_chipkarte.pdf |title=Chipkarte Helmut Gröttrup "Identifizierungsschalter" |date=2021 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=[[German Patent and Trade Mark Office]] |language=de |trans-title=Helmut Gröttrup "Identification Switch" |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407025611/https://www.dpma.de/docs/postergalerieneu/34_chipkarte.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Its primary use was intended to provide individual copy-protected keys for releasing the tapping process at unmanned gas stations. In September 1968, Gröttrup, together with [[Jürgen Dethloff]] as an investor, filed further patents for this identification switch, first in [[Austria]]<ref>{{Cite patent |title=Identifizierungsschalter |country=AT |number=287366 |status=patent|gdate=1971-01-21|invent1=Dethloff|inventor1-first=Jürgen|fdate=1968-09-13|pridate=1968-09-13|invent2=Gröttrup|inventor2-first=Helmut|inventorlink=Jürgen Dethloff|inventorlink2=Helmut Gröttrup|assign1=Intelectron Patentverwaltung}}</ref> and in 1969 as subsequent applications in the United States,<ref>{{Cite patent|title=Identification System|country=US|number=3641316|status=patent|gdate=1972-02-08|invent1=Dethloff|inventor1-first=Jürgen|fdate=1970-08-17|pridate=1969-06-30|invent2=Gröttrup|inventor2-first=Helmut|inventorlink=Jürgen Dethloff|inventorlink2=Helmut Gröttrup}}</ref><ref>{{Cite patent|title=Identification Switch|country=US|number=3678250|status=patent|gdate=1972-07-18|invent1=Dethloff|inventor1-first=Jürgen|fdate=1969-09-15|pridate=1968-09-13|invent2=Gröttrup|inventor2-first=Helmut|inventorlink=Jürgen Dethloff|inventorlink2=Helmut Gröttrup}}</ref> Great Britain, West Germany and other countries.<ref>{{Cite book|title=From Eurocheque Card to Mobile Security 1968–2012|last1=Böttge|first1=Horst|publisher=Battenberg Gietl Verlag|year=2013|isbn=978-3866465497|last2=Mahl|first2=Tobias|last3=Kamp|first3=Michael|editor-last=[[Giesecke+Devrient]]}}</ref>

Independently, Kunitaka Arimura of the Arimura Technology Institute in Japan developed a similar idea of incorporating an integrated circuit onto a plastic card, and filed a smart card patent in March 1970.<ref name="Chen"/><ref name="Jurgensen">{{cite book |last1=Jurgensen |first1=Timothy M. |last2=Guthery |first2=Scott B. |title=Smart Cards: The Developer's Toolkit |date=2002 |publisher=[[Prentice Hall Professional]] |isbn=9780130937308 |pages=2–3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyniOOmvzKEC&pg=PA2 |access-date=30 September 2019 |archive-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819234226/https://books.google.com/books?id=TyniOOmvzKEC&pg=PA2 |url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, Paul Castrucci of [[IBM]] filed an American patent titled "Information Card" in May 1971.<ref name="Jurgensen"/>

In 1974 [[Roland Moreno]] patented a secured memory card later dubbed the "smart card".<ref name=cwhrmoreno>{{cite web|title=Monticello Memoirs Program|url=http://www.cwhonors.org/Search/his_8.asp|publisher=Computerworld honors|access-date=13 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193616/http://www.cwhonors.org/Search/his_8.asp|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
 |url = http://www.cardwerk.com/smartcards/smartcard_history.aspx
 |title = history of smartcard invention
 |access-date = 29 July 2016
 |archive-date = 25 April 2013
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130425054528/http://www.cardwerk.com/smartcards/smartcard_history.aspx
 |url-status = dead
 }}</ref> In 1976, Jürgen Dethloff introduced the known element (called "the secret") to identify gate user as of USP 4105156.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?FT=D&date=19780808&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&CC=US&NR=4105156A&KC=A&ND=4 |title=Espacenet – Original document |publisher=Worldwide.espacenet.com |date=8 August 1978 |access-date=13 February 2014 |archive-date=12 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312030034/https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?FT=D&date=19780808&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&CC=US&NR=4105156A&KC=A&ND=4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1977, Michel Ugon from [[Groupe Bull|Honeywell Bull]] invented the first [[microprocessor]] smart card with two [[integrated circuit|chips]]: one microprocessor and one [[computer memory|memory]], and in 1978, he patented the self-programmable one-chip microcomputer (SPOM) that defines the necessary architecture to program the chip. Three years later, [[Motorola]] used this patent in its "CP8". At that time, Bull had 1,200 patents related to smart cards. In 2001, Bull sold its CP8 division together with its patents to [[Schlumberger]], who subsequently combined its own internal smart card department and CP8 to create [[Axalto]]. In 2006, Axalto and Gemplus, at the time the world's top two smart-card manufacturers, merged and became [[Gemalto]]. In 2008, Dexa Systems spun off from Schlumberger and acquired Enterprise Security Services business, which included the smart-card solutions division responsible for deploying the first large-scale smart-card management systems based on [[public key infrastructure]] (PKI).

The first mass use of the cards was as a [[telephone card]] for payment in French [[payphone]]s, starting in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is smart card? - Definition from WhatIs.com |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/smart-card |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=SearchSecurity |language=en |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531110231/https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/smart-card |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Carte bleue ===
After the Télécarte, microchips were integrated into all French ''[[Carte Bleue]]'' [[debit card]]s in 1992. Customers inserted the card into the merchant's [[point-of-sale]] (POS) terminal, then typed the [[personal identification number]] (PIN), before the transaction was accepted. Only very limited transactions (such as paying small [[Electronic toll collection|highway tolls]]) are processed without a PIN.

Smart-card-based "[[Stored value card|electronic purse]]" systems store funds on the card, so that readers do not need network connectivity. They entered European service in the mid-1990s. They have been common in Germany ([[Geldkarte]]), Austria ([[Quick Wertkarte]]), [[Belgium]] ([[Proton (bank card)|Proton]]), France ([[Moneo]]<ref>[http://www.moneo.net Moneo's website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208224418/http://www.moneo.net/ |date=8 February 2010 }} (in French).</ref>), the Netherlands ([[Chipknip]] Chipper (decommissioned in 2015)), Switzerland ("Cash"), Norway ("[[Mondex]]"), Spain ("Monedero 4B"), Sweden ("Cash", decommissioned in 2004), Finland ("Avant"), UK ("Mondex"), Denmark ("Danmønt") and Portugal ("Porta-moedas Multibanco").
Private electronic purse systems have also been deployed such as the Marines corps (USMC) at Parris Island allowing small amount payments at the cafeteria.

Since the 1990s, smart cards have been the [[subscriber identity module]]s (SIMs) used in [[GSM]] mobile-phone equipment. Mobile phones are widely used across the world, so smart cards have become very common.

=== EMV ===
{{further|EMV}}
Europay MasterCard Visa (EMV)-compliant cards and equipment are widespread with the deployment led by European countries. The United States started later deploying the EMV technology in 2014, with the deployment still in progress in 2019. Typically, a country's national payment association, in coordination with [[MasterCard]] International, [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] International, [[American Express]] and [[Japan Credit Bureau]] (JCB), jointly plan and implement EMV systems.

Historically, in 1993 several international payment companies agreed to develop smart-card specifications for [[debit card|debit]] and credit cards. The original brands were MasterCard, Visa, and [[Europay]]. The first version of the EMV system was released in 1994. In 1998 the specifications became stable.

EMVCo maintains these specifications. EMVco's purpose is to assure the various financial institutions and retailers that the specifications retain backward compatibility with the 1998 version. EMVco upgraded the specifications in 2000 and 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.emvco.org/ |title=EMVco |access-date=7 January 2006 |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605053314/https://www.emvco.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

EMV compliant cards were first accepted into Malaysia in 2005<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/business/2015/10/14/us-learns-from-malaysia-10-years-later/|title=US learns from Malaysia, 10 years later|newspaper=The Rakyat Post|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320073413/http://www.therakyatpost.com/business/2015/10/14/us-learns-from-malaysia-10-years-later/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and later into United States in 2014. MasterCard was the first company that was allowed to use the technology in the United States. The United States has felt pushed to use the technology because of the increase in [[identity theft]]. The credit card information stolen from Target in late 2013 was one of the largest indicators that American credit card information is not safe. Target made the decision on 30 April 2014 that it would try to implement the smart chip technology to protect itself from future credit card identity theft.

Before 2014, the consensus in America was that there were enough security measures to avoid credit card theft and that the smart chip was not necessary. The cost of the smart chip technology was significant, which was why most of the corporations did not want to pay for it in the United States. The debate finally ended when Target sent out a notice<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://corporate.target.com/article/2013/12/important-notice-unauthorized-access-to-payment-ca|title=A message from CEO Gregg Steinhafel about Target's payment card issues|access-date=14 March 2021|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030644/https://corporate.target.com/article/2013/12/important-notice-unauthorized-access-to-payment-ca|url-status=live}}</ref> stating unauthorized access to magnetic strips<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2014/01/23/264910138/target-hack-a-tipping-point-in-moving-away-from-magnetic-stripes|title=Target Hack a Tipping Point in Moving Away from Magnetic Stripes|publisher=NPR|access-date=14 March 2021|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413132845/https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2014/01/23/264910138/target-hack-a-tipping-point-in-moving-away-from-magnetic-stripes|url-status=live}}</ref> costing Target over 300 million dollars along with the increasing cost of online credit theft was enough for the United States to invest in the technology. The adaptation of EMV's increased significantly in 2015 {{clarify span|text=when the liability shifts occurred in October by the credit card companies.|reason=What “liability shifts”?|date=May 2023}}{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

=== Development of contactless systems ===
{{see also|Contactless payment}}
''Contactless'' smart cards do not require physical contact between a card and reader. They are becoming more popular for payment and ticketing. Typical uses include mass transit and motorway tolls. Visa and MasterCard implemented a version deployed in 2004–2006 in the U.S., with Visa's current offering called [[Visa Inc.#Visa Contactless (formerly payWave)|Visa Contactless]]. Most contactless fare collection systems are incompatible, though the [[MIFARE]] Standard card from [[NXP Semiconductors]] has a considerable market share in the US and Europe.

Use of "Contactless" smart cards in transport has also grown through the use of low cost chips NXP Mifare Ultralight and paper/card/PET rather than PVC. This has reduced media cost so it can be used for low cost tickets and short term transport passes (up to 1 year typically). The cost is typically 10% that of a PVC smart card with larger memory. They are distributed through vending machines, ticket offices and agents. Use of paper/PET is less harmful to the environment than traditional PVC cards.

Smart cards are also being introduced for identification and entitlement by regional, national, and international organizations. These uses include citizen cards, drivers’ licenses, and patient cards. In [[Malaysia]], the compulsory national ID [[MyKad]] enables eight applications and has 18 million users. Contactless smart cards are part of [[ICAO]] [[biometric passport]]s to enhance security for international travel.

=== Complex smart cards ===

Complex Cards are smart cards that conform to the [[ISO/IEC 7810]] standard and include components in addition to those found in traditional single chip smart cards. Complex Cards were invented by [[Cyril Lalo]] and Philippe Guillaud in 1999 when they designed a chip smart card with additional components, building upon the initial concept consisting of using audio frequencies to transmit data patented by Alain Bernard.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bernard |first1=Alain |title=Electronic telephone device |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5182767A/en |website=Google Patents |access-date=29 April 2021 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318202317/https://patents.google.com/patent/US5182767A/en |url-status=live }}</ref> The first Complex Card prototype was developed collaboratively by Cyril Lalo and Philippe Guillaud, who were working at AudioSmartCard<ref>{{cite web |title=AudioSmartCard |url=https://www.infogreffe.com/entreprise-societe/391975125-audiosmartcard-international-sa-750196B12386.html |website=Infogreffe |publisher=French Commercial Court |access-date=29 April 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429100222/https://www.infogreffe.com/entreprise-societe/391975125-audiosmartcard-international-sa-750196B12386.html |url-status=live }}</ref> at the time, and Henri Boccia and Philippe Patrice, who were working at [[Gemalto#Gemplus|Gemplus]]. It was ISO 7810-compliant and included a battery, a piezoelectric buzzer, a button, and delivered audio functions, all within a 0.84mm thickness card.

The Complex Card pilot, developed by AudioSmartCard, was launched in 2002 by [[Crédit Lyonnais]], a French financial institution. This pilot featured acoustic tones as a means of authentication. Although Complex Cards were developed since the inception of the smart card industry, they only reached maturity after 2010.

Complex Cards can accommodate various peripherals including:
* One or more buttons,
* A digital keyboard,
* An alphabetic keyboard,
* A touch keyboard,
* A small display, for a dynamic [[Card security code|Card Security Code (CSC)]] for instance,
* A larger digital display, for OTP or balance, QR code
* An alphanumeric display, 
* A [[fingerprint sensor]],
* A LED, 
* A buzzer or speaker.

While first generation Complex Cards were battery powered, the second generation is battery-free and receives power through the usual card connector and/or induction .

Sound, generated by a buzzer, was the preferred means of communication for the first projects involving Complex Cards. Later, with the progress of displays, visual communication is now present in almost all Complex Cards.

====Functionalities====

Complex Cards support all communication protocols present on regular smart cards: contact, thanks to a contact pad as defined [[ISO/IEC 7816]] standard, contactless following the [[ISO/IEC 14443]] standard, and magstripe.

Developers of Complex Cards target several needs when developing them: 
* One Time Password, 
* Provide account information,  
* Provide computation capabilities,  
* Provide a means of transaction security, 
* Provide a means of user authentication.

=====One time password=====

A Complex Card can be used to compute a cryptographic value, such as a [[One-time password]]. The One-Time Password is generated by a [[Secure cryptoprocessor|cryptoprocessor]] encapsulated in the card. To implement this function, the crypto processor must be initialized with a seed value, which enables the identification of the OTPs respective of each card. The hash of seed value has to be stored securely within the card to prevent unauthorized prediction of the generated OTPs.

One-Time Passwords generation is based either on incremental values (event based) or on a real time clock (time based). Using clock-based One-Time Password generation requires the Complex Card to be equipped with a [[Real-time clock]].

Complex Cards used to generate One Time Password have been developed for: 
* Standard Chartered,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liau |first1=Yun Qing |title=MasterCard launching banking card with OTP capability |url=https://www.zdnet.com/finance/mastercard-launching-banking-card-with-otp-capability/ |access-date=12 May 2021 |publisher=ZDNet |date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506072844/https://www.zdnet.com/article/mastercard-launching-banking-card-with-otp-capability/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Singapore,
* Bank of America,<ref>{{cite web |last1=GamerStuff |title=CES 2012: Interview Cyril Lalo NagraID Security |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIEHHZH9br8  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/xIEHHZH9br8| archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live|via=YouTube |access-date=12 May 2021 |date=24 January 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> USA, 
* Erste Bank, Croatia, 
* Verisign,<ref>{{cite web |title=Mastercard, Symantec and NagraID Security team up to provide further payment card security features |url=https://www.nagra.com/media-center/press-releases/mastercard-symantec-and-nagraid-security-team-provide-further-payment |website=nagra.com |access-date=12 May 2021 |date=14 February 2011 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512121504/https://www.nagra.com/media-center/press-releases/mastercard-symantec-and-nagraid-security-team-provide-further-payment |url-status=live }}</ref> USA,
* RSA Security.<ref>{{cite news |title=RSA SecurID SD200 – hardware token Series Specs |url=https://www.cnet.com/products/rsa-securid-sd200-hardware-token-series/ |access-date=12 May 2021 |publisher=CNET |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512101921/https://www.cnet.com/products/rsa-securid-sd200-hardware-token-series/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=====Account information=====

A Complex Card with buttons can display the balance of one or multiple account(s) linked to the card. Typically, either one button is used to display the balance in the case of a single account card or, in the case of a card linked to multiple accounts, a combination of buttons is used to select a specific account's balance.

For additional security, features such as requiring the user to enter an identification or a security value such as a [[Personal identification number|PIN]] can be added to a Complex Card.

Complex Cards used to provide account information have been developed for: 
* Getin Bank, Poland,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Getin Bank |title=Getin Bank – poznaj nową Kartę Display do konta bankowego |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lek_px4wcXQ |access-date=21 May 2021 |via=YouTube |date=7 June 2013 |language=Polish |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521072345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lek_px4wcXQ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* TEB, Turkey.

The latest generation of battery free, button free, Complex Cards can display a balance or other kind of information without requiring any input from the card holder. The information is updated during the use of the card. For instance, in a transit card, key information such as the monetary value balance, the number of remaining trips or the expiry date of a transit pass can be displayed.

=====Transaction security=====

A Complex Card being deployed as a payment card can be equipped with capability to provide transaction security. Typically, [[online payment]]s are made secure thanks to the [[Card security code|Card Security Code (CSC)]], also known as card verification code (CVC2), or card verification value (CVV2). The card security code (CSC) is a 3 or 4 digits number printed on a credit or debit card, used as a security feature for [[Card not present transaction|card-not-present (CNP)]] payment card transactions to reduce the incidence of fraud.

The Card Security Code (CSC) is to be given to the merchant by the cardholder to complete a card-not-present transaction. The CSC is transmitted along with other transaction data and verified by the card issuer. The [[Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard|Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS)]] prohibits the storage of the CSC by the merchant or any stakeholder in the payment chain. Although designed to be a security feature, the static CSC is susceptible to fraud as it can easily be memorized by a shop attendant, who could then use it for fraudulent online transactions or sale on the dark web. 
 
This vulnerability has led the industry to develop a Dynamic Card Security Code (DCSC) that can be changed at certain time intervals, or after each contact or contactless EMV transaction. This Dynamic CSC brings significantly better security than a static CSC.

The first generation of Dynamic CSC cards, developed by NagraID Security required a battery, a quartz and Real Time Clock (RTC) embedded within the card to power the computation of a new Dynamic CSC, after expiration of the programmed period.

The second generation of Dynamic CSC cards, developed by Ellipse World, Inc., does not require any battery, quartz, or RTC to compute and display the new dynamic code. Instead, the card obtains its power either through the usual card connector or by induction during every EMV transaction from the Point of Sales (POS) terminal or Automated Teller Machine (ATM) to compute a new DCSC.

The Dynamic CSC, also called dynamic cryptogram, is marketed by several companies, under different brand names: 
* MotionCode, first developed by NagraID Security, a company later acquired by [[IDEMIA]], 
* DCV, the solution offered by [[Gemalto|Thales]],
* EVC (Ellipse Verification Code) by Ellipse, a Los Angeles, USA based company.

The advantage of the Dynamic Card Security Code (DCSC) is that new information is transmitted with the payment transactions, thus making it useless for a potential fraudster to memorize or store it. A transaction with a Dynamic Card Security Code is carried out exactly the same way, with the same processes and use of parameters as a transaction with a static code in a card-not-present transaction. Upgrading to a DCSC allows cardholders and merchants to continue their payment habits and processes undisturbed.

=====User authentication=====

Complex Cards can be equipped with biometric sensors allowing for stronger user authentication. In the typical use case, fingerprint sensors are integrated into a payment card to bring a higher level of user authentication than a PIN.

To implement user authentication using a fingerprint enabled smart card, the user has to authenticate himself/herself to the card by means of the fingerprint before starting a payment transaction.

Several companies<ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Albore |first1=Antonio |title=The rise of biometric cards |date=5-6 October 2017 |url=http://icma.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/The-Rise-of-Biometric-Cards10-4.pdf |website=International Card Manufacturers Association |publisher=Embedded Security News |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026234345/http://icma.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/The-Rise-of-Biometric-Cards10-4.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> offer cards with fingerprint sensors, including: 
* [[Gemalto|Thales]]: Biometric card, 
* [[IDEMIA]]: F.Code, originally developed by NagraID Security,
* [[IDEX Biometrics]], 
* [[NXP Semiconductors]]

====Components====

Complex Cards can incorporate a wide variety of components. The choice of components drives functionality, influences cost, power supply needs, and manufacturing complexity.

=====Buttons=====

Depending on Complex Card types, buttons have been added to allow an easy interaction between the user and the card. Typically, these buttons are used to:
* Select one action, such as which account to obtain the balance, or the unit (''e.g.'' currency or number of trips) in which the information is displayed,
* Enter numeric data via the addition of a digital keypad,
* Enter text data via the addition of an alphanumeric keyboard.

While [[Membrane keyboard|separate keys]] have been used on prototypes in the early days, capacitive keyboards are the most popular solution now, thanks to technology developments by AudioSmartCard International SA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infogreffe – AudioSmartCard International SA |url=https://www.infogreffe.com/entreprise-societe/391975125-audiosmartcard-international-sa-750196B12386.html |website=Infogreffe |publisher=French corporate register |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-date=1 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501035129/https://www.infogreffe.com/entreprise-societe/391975125-audiosmartcard-international-sa-750196B12386.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The interaction with a capacitive keyboard requires constant power, therefore a battery and a mechanical button are required to activate the card.

=====Buzzer=====

The first Complex Cards were equipped with a buzzer that made it possible to broadcast sound. This feature was generally used over the phone to send identification data such as an identifier and one-time passwords (OTPs). Technologies used for sound transmission include DTMF ([[dual-tone multi-frequency signaling]]) or FSK ([[frequency-shift keying]]).

Companies that offered cards with buzzers include: 
* AudioSmartCard, 
* nCryptone,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bloomberg – nCryptone |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/758050Z:FP |website=Bloomberg |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019090211/https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/758050Z:FP |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Prosodie,
* Société d'exploitation du jeton sécurisé – SEJS.

=====Display=====

Displaying data is an essential part of Complex Card functionalities. Depending on the information that needs to be shown, displays can be digital or alphanumeric and of varying lengths. Displays can be located either on the front or back of the card. A front display is the most common solution for showing information such as a One-Time Password or an electronic purse balance. A rear display is more often used for showing a Dynamic Card Security Code (DCSC).

Displays can be made using two technologies: 
* [[Liquid-crystal display]] (LCD) : LCDs are easily available from a wide variety of suppliers, and they are able to display either digits or alphabetical data. However, to be fitted in a complex smart card, LCDs need to have a certain degree of flexibility. Also, LCDs need to be powered to keep information displayed. 
* [[Liquid-crystal display#"Zero-power" (bistable) displays|Bistable displays]], also known as [[Ferroelectric liquid crystal display]]s, are increasingly used as they only require power to refresh the displayed information. The displayed data remains visible, without the need for of any power supply. Bistable displays are also available in a variety of specifications, displaying digits or pixels. Bistable displays are available from E Ink Corporation<ref>{{cite web |title=E Ink |url=https://www.eink.com/index.html |website=E Ink |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730164908/https://www.eink.com/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> among others.

=====Cryptoprocessor=====

If a Complex smart Card is dedicated to making cryptographic computations (such as generating a one-time password) it may require a [[secure cryptoprocessor]].

=====Power supply=====

As Complex Cards contain more components than traditional smart cards, their power consumption must be carefully monitored.

First generation Complex Cards require a power supply even in standby mode. As such, product designers generally included a battery in their design. Incorporating a battery creates an additional burden in terms of complexity, cost, space and flexibility in an already dense design. Including a battery in a Complex Card increases the complexity of the manufacturing process as a battery cannot be hot laminated.

Second generation Complex Cards feature a battery-free design. These cards harvest the necessary power from external sources; for example when the card interacts in a contact or [[Electromagnetic induction|contactless]] fashion with a payment system or an NFC-enabled smartphone.  The use of a bistable display in the card design ensures that the screen remains legible even when the Complex Card is unconnected to the power source.

====Manufacturing====

Complex Card manufacturing methods are inherited from the smart card industry and from the electronics mounting industry. As Complex Cards incorporate several components while having to remain within 0.8&nbsp;mm thickness and be flexible, and to comply with the [[ISO/IEC 7810]], [[ISO/IEC 7811]] and [[ISO/IEC 7816]] standards, renders their manufacture more complex than standard smart cards.

One of the most popular manufacturing processes in the smart card industry is lamination. This process involves laminating an inlay between two card faces. The inlay contains the needed electronic components with an antenna printed on an inert support.

Typically battery-powered Complex Cards require a cold lamination manufacturing process. This process impacts the manufacturing lead time and the whole cost of such a Complex Card.

Second generation, battery-free Complex Cards can be manufactured by existing hot lamination process. This automated process, inherited from traditional smart card manufacturing, enables the production of Complex Cards in large quantities while keeping costs under control, a necessity for the evolution from a niche to a mass market.

====Card life cycle====

As with standard smart cards, Complex Cards go through a lifecycle comprising the following steps: 
* Manufacturing,
* Personalization,
* User enrollment, if needed by the application,
* Provisioning,
* Active life,
* Cancellation,
* Recycling / destruction.

As Complex Cards bring more functionalities than standard smart cards and, due to their complexity, their personalization can take longer or require more inputs. Having Complex Cards that can be personalized by the same machines and the same processes as regular smart cards allows them to be integrated more easily in existing manufacturing chains and applications.

First generation, battery-operated Complex Cards require specific [[Battery recycling|recycling]] processes, mandated by different regulatory bodies. Additionally, keeping battery-operated Complex Cards in inventory for extended periods of time may reduce their performance due to [[Capacity loss|battery ageing]].

Second-generation battery-free technology ensures operation during the entire lifetime of the card and eliminates self-discharge, providing [[extended shelf life]], and is more eco-friendly.

===History and major players===

Since the inception of smart cards, innovators have been trying to add extra features. As technologies have matured and have been industrialized, several smart card industry players have been involved in Complex Cards.

The Complex Card concept began in 1999 when Cyril Lalo and Philippe Guillaud, its inventors, first designed a smart card with additional components. The first prototype was developed collaboratively by Cyril Lalo, who was the CEO of AudioSmartCard at the time, and Henri Boccia and Philippe Patrice, from Gemplus. The prototype included a button and audio functions on a 0.84mm thick ISO 7810-compliant card .

Since then, Complex Cards have been mass-deployed primarily by NagraID Security.

====AudioSmartCard====

AudioSmartCard International SA<ref>{{cite web |title=Company Information AudioSmartCard International SA |url=https://www.infogreffe.com/entreprise-societe/391975125-audiosmartcard-international-sa-750196B12386.html |website=Infogreffe |publisher=French Registries at Commercial Courts |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919164232/https://www.infogreffe.com/entreprise-societe/391975125-audiosmartcard-international-sa-750196B12386.html |url-status=live }}</ref> was instrumental in developing the first Complex Card that included a battery, a piezoelectric buzzer, a button, and audio functions all on a 0.84mm thick, ISO 7810-compatible card.

AudioSmartCard was founded in 1993 and specialized in the development and marketing of acoustic tokens incorporating security features. These acoustic tokens exchanged data in the form of sounds transmitted over a phone line. In 1999, AudioSmartCard transitioned to a new leadership under Cyril Lalo and Philippe Guillaud, who also became major shareholders. They made AudioSmartCard evolve towards the smart card world. In 2003 Prosodie,<ref>{{cite web |title=Information about Prosodie Corporation |url=https://www.infogreffe.fr/entreprise-societe/411393218-prosodie-920197B043840000/liste-etablissements-1.html |website=Infogreffe |publisher=French commercial court registries |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208164642/https://www.infogreffe.fr/entreprise-societe/411393218-prosodie-920197B043840000/liste-etablissements-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> a subsidiary of [[Capgemini]], joined the shareholders of AudioSmartCard.

AudioSmartCard was renamed nCryptone,<ref>{{cite web |title=nCryptone Corporate Profile |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/758050Z:FP |website=Bloomberg |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019090211/https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/758050Z:FP |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2004.

====CardLab Innovation====

CardLab Innovation,<ref>{{cite web |title=CardLab Innovation |url=https://www.cardlab.com/ |website=CardLab Innovation |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716172300/https://www.cardlab.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> incorporated in 2006 in Herlev, Denmark, specializes in Complex Cards that include a switch, a biometric reader, an [[RFID]] jammer, and one or more magstripes. The company works with manufacturing partners in China and Thailand and owns a card lamination factory in Thailand.

====Coin====

Coin was a US-based startup<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cipriani |first1=Jason |title=Coin adds NFC capabilities to its new all-in-one card |url=https://fortune.com/2015/08/27/coin-nfc-update/ |work=Fortune |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716172252/https://fortune.com/2015/08/27/coin-nfc-update/ |url-status=live }}</ref> founded in 2012 by Kanishk Parashar.<ref>{{cite web |title=LinkedIn: Kanishk Parashar |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/diamondk/ |publisher=LinkedIn }}</ref> It developed a Complex Card capable of storing the data of several credit and debit cards. The card prototype was equipped with a display<ref>{{cite web |last1=Statt |first1=Nick |date = 14 November 2013|title=Inside Coin's techie vision for the all-in-one credit card |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/inside-coins-techie-vision-for-the-all-in-one-credit-card/ |publisher=CNET |access-date=11 August 2024}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=July 2021}} and a button that enabled the user to switch between different cards. In 2015, the original Coin card concept evolved into Coin 2.0 adding contactless communication to its original magstripe emulation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Statt |first1=Nick |title=Coin adds NFC capabilities to its new all-in-one card |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/inside-coins-techie-vision-for-the-all-in-one-credit-card/ |publisher=CNET |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716172252/https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/inside-coins-techie-vision-for-the-all-in-one-credit-card/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Coin was acquired by [[Fitbit]] in May 2016<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cooper |first1=Daniel |title=Fitbit buys Coin to help with mobile payments |url=https://www.engadget.com/2016-05-18-fitbit-buys-coin.html |work=Engadget |date=18 May 2016 |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716172252/https://www.engadget.com/2016-05-18-fitbit-buys-coin.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and all Coin activities were discontinued in February 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Heater |first1=Brian |title=Coin will shut down its product services at the end of February |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/01/31/coin-shut-down/?guccounter=1 |website=TechCrunch |date=31 January 2017 |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716172254/https://techcrunch.com/2017/01/31/coin-shut-down/?guccounter=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Ellipse World, Inc.====

Ellipse World, Inc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ellipse World Inc. |url=https://www.ellipse.la/ |website=Ellipse World Inc. |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716173249/https://www.ellipse.la/ |url-status=live }}</ref> was founded in 2017 by Cyril Lalo and Sébastien Pochic, both recognized experts in Complex Card technology.   Ellipse World, Inc. specializes in battery-free Complex Card technology.

The Ellipse patented technologies enable smart card manufacturers to use their existing dual interface payment card manufacturing process and supply chain to build battery-free, second generation Complex Cards with display capabilities. Thanks to this ease of integration, smart card vendors are able to address banking, transit and prepaid cards markets.

====EMue Technologies====

EMue<ref>{{cite web |title=Emue Technologies |url=http://www.emue.com/ |website=Emue Technologies |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716173249/http://www.emue.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Technologies, headquartered in Melbourne, Australia, designed and developed authentication solutions for the financial services industry from 2009 to 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=LinkedIn: Emue Technologies |url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/emue-technologies/about/ |publisher=LinkedIn |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> The company's flagship product, developed in collaboration with Cyril Lalo and Philippe Guillaud, was the eMue Card, a Visa CodeSure<ref>{{cite web |title=Visa CodeSure gets commercial green light |url=https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/21447/visa-codesure-gets-commercial-green-light |website=Finextra |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716173249/https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/21447/visa-codesure-gets-commercial-green-light |url-status=live }}</ref> credit card with an embedded keypad, a display and a microprocessor.

====Feitian Technologies====

Feitian Technologies, a China-based company created in 1998, provides cyber security products and solutions. The company offers security solutions based on smart cards as well as other authentication devices. These include Complex Cards, that incorporate a display,<ref>{{cite web |title=OTP Display Card |url=https://www.ftsafe.com/Products/Power_Card/Standard |website=Feitian technologies |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813022959/https://www.ftsafe.com/Products/Power_Card/Standard |url-status=live }}</ref> a keypad<ref>{{cite web |title=Chip Embedded Card |url=https://www.ftsafe.com/Products/Power_Card/Chip |website=Feitian Technologies |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624082728/https://www.ftsafe.com/Products/Power_Card/Chip |url-status=live }}</ref> or a fingerprint sensor.<ref>{{cite web |title=OTP Display Card |url=https://www.ftsafe.com/Products/Power_Card/Fingerprint |website=Feitian Technologies |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=1 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801225611/https://www.ftsafe.com/Products/Power_Card/Fingerprint |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Fingerprint Cards====

[[Fingerprint Cards]] AB (or Fingerprints<ref>{{cite web |title=Fingerprint Cards |url=https://www.fingerprints.com/ |website=Fingerprint Cards |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716174136/https://www.fingerprints.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>) is a Swedish company specializing in biometric solutions. The company sells biometric sensors and has recently introduced payment cards incorporating a fingerprint sensor<ref>{{cite web |title=Biometrics: The missing piece of the contactless card puzzle |url=https://www.fingerprints.com/uploads/2018/05/fpc-smartcards-infographics-v1.pdf |website=Fingerprint Cards |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716174140/https://www.fingerprints.com/uploads/2018/05/fpc-smartcards-infographics-v1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> such as the Zwipe card,<ref>{{cite web |title=Zwipe Payment Card the World's Leading Biometric Payment Card |url=https://www.fingerprints.com/showcase/zwipe-payment-card/ |website=Fingerprint Cards |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716174137/https://www.fingerprints.com/showcase/zwipe-payment-card/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a biometric dual-interface payment card using an integrated sensor from Fingerprints.

====Giesecke+Devrient====

[[Giesecke+Devrient|Giesecke & Devrient]], also known as G+D,<ref>{{cite web |title=Giesecke+Devrient |url=https://www.gi-de.com/en/ |website=Giesecke+Devrient |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716074938/https://www.gi-de.com/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> is a German company headquartered in Munich that provides banknotes, security printing, smart cards and cash handling systems.  Its smart card portfolio includes display cards, OTP cards, as well as cards displaying a [[#Transaction_security|Dynamic CSC]].

====Gemalto====

[[Gemalto]], a division of [[Thales Group]], is a major player in the secure transaction industry. 
The company's Complex Card portfolio includes cards with a display<ref>{{cite web |title=Payments |url=https://www.gemalto.com/financial/cards/payments |website=Thales Group – Gemalto |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716180007/https://www.gemalto.com/financial/cards/payments |url-status=live }}</ref> or a fingerprint sensor.<ref>{{cite web |title=EMV Biometric Card |url=https://www.gemalto.com/financial/cards/emv-biometric-card |website=Thales Group – Gemalto |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716180005/https://www.gemalto.com/financial/cards/emv-biometric-card |url-status=live }}</ref> These cards may display an OTP<ref>{{cite web |title=SafeNet OTP Display Card |url=https://cpl.thalesgroup.com/access-management/authenticators/safenet-otp-display-card |website=Thales Group – SafeNet |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716180005/https://cpl.thalesgroup.com/access-management/authenticators/safenet-otp-display-card |url-status=live }}</ref> or a Dynamic CSC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dynamic Code Verification |url=https://www.gemalto.com/financial/cards/payments/dynamic-code-verification |website=Thales Group – Gemalto |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716180005/https://www.gemalto.com/financial/cards/payments/dynamic-code-verification |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Idemia====

[[IDEMIA]] is the product of the 2017<ref>{{cite web |title=Oberthur Technologies –Morpho becomes IDEMIA, the global leader in trusted identities |url=https://www.idemia.com/public_download/oberthur-technologies-morpho-becomes-idemia-global-leader-trusted-identities |website=Idemia |date=28 September 2017 |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716180009/https://www.idemia.com/public_download/oberthur-technologies-morpho-becomes-idemia-global-leader-trusted-identities |url-status=live }}</ref> merger of Oberthur Technologies and Morpho. The combined company has positioned itself as a global provider of financial cards, SIM cards, biometric devices as well as public and private identity solutions. Due to Oberthur's acquisition of NagraID Security in 2014, Idemia's Complex Card offerings include the F.CODE<ref>{{cite web |title=Biometric payment card |url=https://www.idemia.com/biometric-payment-card |website=Idemia |date=17 September 2020 |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716180005/https://www.idemia.com/biometric-payment-card |url-status=live }}</ref> biometric payment card that includes a fingerprint sensor, and its battery-powered Motion Code<ref>{{cite web |title=Motion Code |url=https://www.idemia.com/motion-code |website=Idemia |date=13 October 2020 |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622214427/https://www.idemia.com/motion-code |url-status=live }}</ref> card that displays a Dynamic CSC.

====Idex====

[[IDEX Biometrics]] ASA, incorporated in Norway, specializes in fingerprint identification technologies for personal authentication. The company offers fingerprint sensors<ref>{{cite web |title=Fingerprint sensor manufacturer |url=https://www.idexbiometrics.com/products/biometric-fingerprint-sensors/ |website=Idex Biometrics |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716180008/https://www.idexbiometrics.com/products/biometric-fingerprint-sensors/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and modules<ref>{{cite web |title=What is a fingerprint sensor module? |url=https://www.idexbiometrics.com/faq/fingerprint-sensors/what-is-a-fingerprint-sensor-module/ |website=Idex Biometrics |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716180005/https://www.idexbiometrics.com/faq/fingerprint-sensors/what-is-a-fingerprint-sensor-module/ |url-status=live }}</ref> that are ready to be embedded into cards.<ref>{{cite web |title=XH Smart Tech showcasing dual-interface biometric card with IDEX sensor at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona |url=https://www.idexbiometrics.com/xh-smart-tech-showcasing-dual-interface-biometric-card-with-idex-sensor-at-mobile-world-congress-in-barcelona/ |website=Idex Biometrics |date=25 February 2019 |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716180005/https://www.idexbiometrics.com/xh-smart-tech-showcasing-dual-interface-biometric-card-with-idex-sensor-at-mobile-world-congress-in-barcelona/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Innovative Card Technologies====

Founded in 2002, by Alan Finkelstein, Innovative Card Technologies developed and commercialized enhancements for the smart card market. The company acquired the display card assets of nCryptone<ref>{{cite news |title=nCryptone monte au capital d'Innovative Card Technologies |url=https://www.journaldunet.com/solutions/dsi/1066019-ncryptone-monte-au-capital-d-innovative-card-technologies/ |access-date=16 July 2021 |publisher=JDN |date=30 June 2006 |language=French |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716181454/https://www.journaldunet.com/solutions/dsi/1066019-ncryptone-monte-au-capital-d-innovative-card-technologies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2006. Innovative Card Technologies has ceased its activities.

====NagraID====

Nagra ID, now known as NID,<ref>{{cite web |title=NID |url=https://www.nagraid.com/ |website=NID |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716181454/https://www.nagraid.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> was a wholly-owned subsidiary of the [[Kudelski Group]] until 2014. NID can trace its history with Complex Cards back to 2003 when it collaborated on development with nCryptone. Nagra ID was instrumental in developing the cold lamination process for Complex Cards manufacturing.

Nagra ID manufactures Complex Cards<ref>{{cite web |title=Complex Cards |url=https://www.nagraid.com/en/solutions/complex-cards |website=NID |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918063258/https://www.nagraid.com/en/solutions/complex-cards |url-status=live }}</ref> that can include a battery, buttons, displays or other electronic components.

====NagraID Security====

Nagra ID Security began in 2008 as a spinoff of Nagra ID to focus on Complex Card development and manufacturing. The company was owned by [[Kudelski Group]] (50%), Cyril Lalo (25%) and Philippe Guillaud (25%).

NagraID Security quickly became a leading player in the adoption of Complex Cards due, in large part, to its development of MotionCode cards that featured a small display to enable a [[Card security code|Card Security Code (CVV2)]].

NagraID Security was the first Complex Cards manufacturer to develop a mass market for payment display cards. Their customers included: 
* ABSA,<ref>{{cite web |title=MasterCard and Absa Introduce Next Generation Payment Card, a First for APMEA |url=https://newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/mastercard-and-absa-introduce-next-generation-payment-card-a-first-for-apmea/ |website=MasterCard |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716181453/https://newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/mastercard-and-absa-introduce-next-generation-payment-card-a-first-for-apmea/ |url-status=live }}</ref> South Africa,
* Banco Bicentenario, Venezuela,
* Banco MontePaschi, Belgium,
* Erste Bank, Croatia, 
* Getin Bank, Poland, 
* Standard Chartered Bank, Singapore.

NagraID Security also delivered One-Time Password cards to companies including: 
* Bank of America,
* HID Security,
* PayPal,
* RSA Security, 
* Verisign.

In 2014, NagraID Security was sold to [[Oberthur Technologies]] (now [[IDEMIA]]).

====nCryptone====

nCryptone emerged in 2004 from the renaming of AudioSmartCard. nCryptone was headed by Cyril Lalo and Philippe Guillaud<ref>{{cite web |title=Philippe Guillaud |url=https://www.epita.fr/2018/11/26/temoignage-ancien-ingenieur-entrepreneur-muzeek-intelligence-artificielle-musique-entreprises-parcours-2018/ |website=Epita |date=26 November 2018 |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716182629/https://www.epita.fr/2018/11/26/temoignage-ancien-ingenieur-entrepreneur-muzeek-intelligence-artificielle-musique-entreprises-parcours-2018/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and developed technologies around authentication servers and devices.

nCryptone display card assets were acquired by Innovative Card Technologies in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=nCryptone acquiert IC Tech |url=https://investir.lesechos.fr/actions/actualites/ncryptone-acquiert-ic-tech-141099.php |access-date=16 July 2021 |publisher=Les Echos Investir |date=30 June 2006 |language=French |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716182631/https://investir.lesechos.fr/actions/actualites/ncryptone-acquiert-ic-tech-141099.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Oberthur Technologies, now Idemia====

[[Oberthur Technologies]], now [[IDEMIA]], is one of the major players in the secure transactions industry. It acquired the business of NagraID Security in 2014. Oberthur then merged with Morpho and the combined entity was renamed Idemia in 2017.

Major references in the Complex Cards business include: 
* BPCE Group,<ref>{{cite web |title=BPCE Group and Oberthur Technologies launch a world-exclusive innovation: the first dynamic cryptogram payment card |url=https://newsroom-en.groupebpce.fr/news/bpce-group-and-oberthur-technologies-launch-a-world-exclusive-innovation-the-first-dynamic-cryptogram-payment-card-e9bc-53927.html |website=BPCE |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716182631/https://newsroom-en.groupebpce.fr/news/bpce-group-and-oberthur-technologies-launch-a-world-exclusive-innovation-the-first-dynamic-cryptogram-payment-card-e9bc-53927.html |url-status=live }}</ref> France, 
* Orange Bank,<ref>{{cite news |title=Orange Bank : une carte Visa Premium avec cryptogramme dynamique et Apple Pay |url=https://www.igen.fr/ailleurs/2019/03/orange-bank-une-carte-visa-premium-avec-cryptogramme-dynamique-et-apple-pay-107063 |access-date=16 July 2021 |publisher=iGen |date=7 March 2019 |language=French |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716182640/https://www.igen.fr/ailleurs/2019/03/orange-bank-une-carte-visa-premium-avec-cryptogramme-dynamique-et-apple-pay-107063 |url-status=live }}</ref> France, 
* Société Générale,<ref>{{cite web |title=1 million MOTION CODE online transactions with Société Générale |url=https://www.idemia.com/press-release/1-million-motion-code-online-transactions-societe-generale-2017-10-17 |website=Idemia |date=17 October 2017 |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716182631/https://www.idemia.com/press-release/1-million-motion-code-online-transactions-societe-generale-2017-10-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> France.

====Plastc====

Set up in 2009, Plastc announced a single card that could digitally hold the data of up to 20 credit or debit cards. The company succeeded in raising US$9&nbsp;million through preorders but failed to deliver any product.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schubarth |first1=Cromwell |title=Palo Alto 'smart' credit card startup shutters after taking $9M in pre-orders |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2017/04/21/palo-alto-smartcredit-card-startup-shutters-after.html |access-date=16 July 2021 |publisher=Biz Journals |date=21 April 2017 |archive-date=19 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219114135/http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2017/04/21/palo-alto-smartcredit-card-startup-shutters-after.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Plastc was then acquired<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Edge Mobile Payments Acquires Plastc Assets |url=https://edgemobilepayments.com/edge-mobile-payments-acquires-plastc |magazine=Edge |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> in 2017 by Edge Mobile Payments,<ref>{{cite web |title=Edge Mobile Payments |url=https://edgemobilepayments.com/ |website=Edge Mobile Payments |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716183707/https://edgemobilepayments.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a Santa Cruz-based Fintech company. The Plastc project continues as the Edge card,<ref>{{cite web |title=EDGE Mobile Payments Announces Development of the EDGE Card |url=https://edgemobilepayments.com/edge-mobile-payments-announces-development-of-the-edge-card |website=EDGE Mobile Payments |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716183706/https://edgemobilepayments.com/edge-mobile-payments-announces-development-of-the-edge-card |url-status=live }}</ref> a dynamic payment card that consolidates several payment cards in one device. The card is equipped with a battery and an ePaper screen and can store data from up to 50 credit, debit, loyalty and gift cards.

====Stratos====

Stratos<ref>{{cite web |title=Stratos |url=https://cardlabcards.com/ |website=Stratos |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506072528/https://www.cardlabcards.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> was created in 2012 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. In 2015, Stratos developed the Stratos Bluetooth Connected Card,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cipriani |first1=Jason |title=One card to rule them all? Stratos smart card replaces the need for a wallet |url=https://fortune.com/2015/05/13/stratos-smart-card/ |access-date=16 July 2021 |work=Fortune |date=13 May 2015 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716184616/https://fortune.com/2015/05/13/stratos-smart-card/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which was designed to integrate up to three credit and debit card in a single card format and featured a smartphone app used to manage the card. Due to its Lithium ion thin film battery, the Stratos card was equipped with LEDs and communicated in contactless mode and in Bluetooth low Energy.

In 2017 Stratos was acquired<ref>{{cite web |title=Stratos Connected Card Platform Acquired by CardLab Innovations |url=https://cardlabcards.com/blog/2017/02/15/cardlab-acquisition-announcement/ |website=Stratos |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312101258/https://cardlabcards.com/blog/2017/02/15/cardlab-acquisition-announcement/ |url-status=live }}</ref> by CardLab Innovation, a company headquartered in Herlev, Denmark.

====Swyp====

SWYP<ref>{{cite web |title=Swyp |url=https://www.swypcard.com/ |website=Swyp |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728204610/https://www.swypcard.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> was the brand name of a card developed by Qvivr, a company incorporated in 2014 in Fremont, California.  SWYP was introduced in 2015 and dubbed the world's first smart wallet. SWYP was a metal card with the ability to combine over 25 credit, debit, gift and loyalty cards. The card worked in conjunction with a smartphone app used to manage the cards. The Swyp card included a battery, a button and a matrix display that showed which card was in use. The company registered users in its beta testing program, but the product never shipped on a commercial scale.

Qvivr raised US$5&nbsp;million in January 2017<ref>{{cite news |last1=Magistretti |first1=Bérénice |title=Mobile payment startup Qvivr raises $5 million led by Khosla Ventures |url=https://venturebeat.com/2017/01/31/mobile-payment-startup-qvivr-raises-5-million-led-by-khosla-ventures/ |access-date=16 July 2021 |publisher=VentureBeat |date=31 January 2017 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716184611/https://venturebeat.com/2017/01/31/mobile-payment-startup-qvivr-raises-5-million-led-by-khosla-ventures/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and went out of business in November 2017.

===Businesses===

Complex Cards have been adopted by numerous financial institutions worldwide. They may include different functionalities such as payment cards (credit, debit, prepaid), [[One-time password]], mass-transit, and dynamic [[Card security code|Card Security Code (CVV2)]].

Complex Card technology is used by numerous financial institutions including: 
* ABSA,<ref>{{cite web |title=MasterCard and Absa Introduce Next Generation Payment Card, a First for APMEA |url=https://newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/mastercard-and-absa-introduce-next-generation-payment-card-a-first-for-apmea/ |website=MasterCard |access-date=17 July 2021 |date=28 November 2012 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716181453/https://newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/mastercard-and-absa-introduce-next-generation-payment-card-a-first-for-apmea/ |url-status=live }}</ref> South Africa, 
* Banca MontePaschi Belgio,<ref>{{cite web |title=World first for Belgium: Banca Monte Paschi Belgio and MasterCard launch the first payment card combining debit, credit, display screen and contactless payment facilities |url=https://newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/world-first-for-belgium-banca-monte-paschi-belgio-and-mastercard-launch-the-first-payment-card-combining-debit-credit-display-screen-and-contactless-payment-facilities/ |website=MasterCard |access-date=17 July 2021 |date=23 October 2012 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717180856/https://newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/world-first-for-belgium-banca-monte-paschi-belgio-and-mastercard-launch-the-first-payment-card-combining-debit-credit-display-screen-and-contactless-payment-facilities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 
* Bank of America,<ref>{{cite news |title=Bank of America unveils SafePass card |url=https://www.finextra.com/news/announcement.aspx?pressreleaseid=24783 |access-date=17 July 2021 |agency=Finextra |publisher=Finextra |date=24 November 2008 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717180857/https://www.finextra.com/news/announcement.aspx?pressreleaseid=24783 |url-status=live }}</ref> USA, 
* BPCE Group,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verdict Staff |title=BPCE, Oberthur to pilot first dynamic cryptogram payment card |url=https://www.cardsinternational.com/news/bpce-oberthur-to-pilot-first-dynamic-cryptogram-payment-card-210515-4582123/ |access-date=17 July 2021 |publisher=Cards International |date=21 May 2015 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717180857/https://www.cardsinternational.com/news/bpce-oberthur-to-pilot-first-dynamic-cryptogram-payment-card-210515-4582123/ |url-status=live }}</ref> France, 
* Carpatica Bank,<ref>{{cite news |title=Carpatica Bank launches display card in Romania |url=https://business-review.eu/news/carpatica-bank-launches-display-card-in-romania-12929-479 |access-date=17 July 2021 |publisher=Business Review, Romania |date=6 December 2011 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717180858/https://business-review.eu/news/carpatica-bank-launches-display-card-in-romania-12929-479 |url-status=live }}</ref> Romania,  
* Credit Europe Bank,<ref>{{cite web |title=MasterCard Drives Growth in Its Display Card Programme with Bank Launches in Romania |url=https://newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/mastercard-drives-growth-in-its-display-card-programme-with-bank-launches-in-romania/ |website=MasterCard |access-date=17 July 2021 |date=15 November 2011 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717180848/https://newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/mastercard-drives-growth-in-its-display-card-programme-with-bank-launches-in-romania/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Romania,  
* [[Erste & Steiermärkische Bank]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Erste Maestro PayPass Display Card |url=https://ceesca.org/uploads/presentations/09-2013/Erste-CEESCA-zadar.pdf |website=Erste Bank |access-date=17 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717180849/https://ceesca.org/uploads/presentations/09-2013/Erste-CEESCA-zadar.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Croatia 
* Getin Bank,<ref>{{cite web |author1=Getin Bank |title=Getin Bank – poznaj nową Kartę Display do konta bankowego |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lek_px4wcXQ |via=YouTube |access-date=17 July 2021 |language=Polish |format=Video |date=7 June 2013 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521072345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lek_px4wcXQ |url-status=live }}</ref> Poland, 
* Newcastle Banking Society,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grant |first1=Ian |title=Newcastle Banking Society debuts smart display cards |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/news/1280093009/Newcastle-Banking-Society-debuts-smart-display-cards |access-date=17 July 2021 |work=Computer Weekly |date=14 June 2010 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717180848/https://www.computerweekly.com/news/1280093009/Newcastle-Banking-Society-debuts-smart-display-cards |url-status=live }}</ref> UK,  
* Orange Bank, France, 
* PayPal,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Josh |title=PayPal security key card – is it worth it? |url=https://www.aol.com/2010/08/04/paypal-security-key-card-offers-extra-security-for-online-paymen/?guccounter=2 |access-date=17 July 2021 |publisher=AOL |date=4 August 2010 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717180857/https://www.aol.com/2010/08/04/paypal-security-key-card-offers-extra-security-for-online-paymen/?guccounter=2 |url-status=live }}</ref> USA, 
* Sinopac,<ref>{{cite news |title=Taiwan's Bank SinoPac issues credit cards with digital display |url=https://www.finextra.com/news/fullstory.aspx?newsitemid=21900 |access-date=17 July 2021 |publisher=Finextra |date=14 October 2010 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717180920/https://www.finextra.com/news/fullstory.aspx?newsitemid=21900 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taiwan,  
* Société Générale,<ref>{{cite news |title=1 Million MOTION CODE? Online Transactions With Société Générale |url=https://www.eleconomista.es/empresas-finanzas/noticias/8679977/10/17/1-Million-MOTION-CODE-Online-Transactions-With-Societe-Generale.html |work=El Economista |date=17 October 2017 |access-date=17 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717180846/https://www.eleconomista.es/empresas-finanzas/noticias/8679977/10/17/1-Million-MOTION-CODE-Online-Transactions-With-Societe-Generale.html |url-status=live }}</ref> France,  
* Standard Chartered Bank,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liau |first1=Yun Qing |title=MasterCard launching banking card with OTP capability |url=https://www.zdnet.com/finance/mastercard-launching-banking-card-with-otp-capability/ |publisher=ZDNet |date=8 November 2012 |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506072844/https://www.zdnet.com/article/mastercard-launching-banking-card-with-otp-capability/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Parrish |first1=Kevin |title=MasterCard Electronic Display Cards Finally Go Mainstream |url=https://www.tomsguide.com/us/MasterCard-Display-Card-Debit-Credit-OTP,news-16282.html |access-date=17 July 2021 |publisher=Tom's Guide |date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717180857/https://www.tomsguide.com/us/MasterCard-Display-Card-Debit-Credit-OTP,news-16282.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Singapore,  
* Symantec,<ref>{{cite news |title=MasterCard, Symantec and NagraID Security team on display card |url=https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/37871/mastercard-symantec-and-nagraid-security-team-on-display-card |agency=Finextra |publisher=Finextra |date=15 February 2011 |access-date=17 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717180908/https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/37871/mastercard-symantec-and-nagraid-security-team-on-display-card |url-status=live }}</ref>  
* TEB,<ref>{{cite news |title=Türk Ekonomi Bankası (TEB) has launched a new digital banking service |url=https://cardflash.com/news/2015/04/cepteteb/ |access-date=17 July 2021 |publisher=CardFlash |date=27 April 2015 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717180848/https://cardflash.com/news/2015/04/cepteteb/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Turkey.